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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流浅论柴油机技术发展趋势.精品文档.浅论柴油机技术发展趋势【摘 要】随着世界汽车对汽车发动机动力性、经济性和排放提出了更高要求和计算机技术的迅速发展，柴油机被公认为节能的代表和减少汽车尾气排放污染的有力工具，汽车柴油化也是汽车发动机发展的一大趋势。本文结合当前发展状况，论述了缸内直接喷注技术和柴油化趋势是未来车用发动机的发展方向。【 pick to 】 as the world car of car engine performance, fuel economy and emissions was put forward higher req
2、uirements, and the rapid development of computer technology, the diesel engine is recognized as representatives of the energy saving and reduction of car exhaust pollution becomes a powerful tool, auto Chai Youhua is a trend of development of automobile engine. Combined with the current development
3、situation, this paper discusses the in cylinder direct injection technology and Chai Youhua trend is the development direction of the future vehicle engines.【关键词】车用发动机 柴油化趋势【 key words 】 Chai Youhua vehicle engines柴油机的开发焦点已由传统的优先考虑经济性、可靠性和耐久性逐步转为目前的优先考虑环保的要求，即以优先保护好人类赖以生存的地球环境为出发点去考虑采用何种技术，去评价其先进性。F
4、ocus of the development of diesel engine has been developed from traditional give priority to economy, reliability and durability gradually converted to the current priority environmental protection request, namely the priority to protect earths environment as the starting point to the survival of h
5、umans to think about what technologies, to evaluate its advanced nature.优先考虑柴油机排放、噪声对环境的影响问题，与过去相比也有不同，就是在满足目前对排气污染物、颗粒排放及噪声的限制要求时，不再以牺牲经济性、动力性和比质量等为代价，而是在达到上述目标的同时使产品具有可竞争的商业价格。欧洲一些公司近年或稍后将继续推出能满足环境要求的百公里油耗为3L的柴油机。Priority diesel engine emission, noise impact on the environment problem, and there a
6、re different than in the past, is in meet the current restrictions on exhaust emissions, particle pollutants and noise, not at the expense of the economy, power performance and quality than price, but in achieving the goals at the same time, make our products have a price in a competitive business.
7、European companies in recent years, or later will continue to launch can meet the environmental requirements of the gas mileage is 3 l diesel engine.当前和将来一个时期车用柴油机技术的发展趋势突出表现在如下几个方面：Current and future a period to the development trend of automotive diesel engine prominently displays in the following
8、 aspects:一、进一步优化燃烧系统，特别重视开发和选择喷射系统First, further optimize combustion system, pay special attention to the development and selection of injection systemPerkins公司的Ouadram燃烧室、日野公司的HMMS燃烧室，小松公司的MTEC燃烧室及五十铃公司的四角形燃烧室等，都在试验开发阶段，其基本特点是由一个中央涡流及四周的微涡流使空气燃料快速而充分地混合，并配合以合适的燃油喷射系统。Perkins Ouadram combustor, hino
9、 HMMS combustor, komatsu MTEC combustor and isuzu company the quadrangle of combustion chamber, etc., are all in the test development, its basic characteristic is controlled by a central vortex and micro vortex around fast and fully air fuel mixture, and cooperate with the appropriate fuel injection
10、 system.目前，喷射系统已进入一个较快的发展时期，现正在研究开发lms内完成一次喷射，并在有限时间内正确控制喷射量的方法。喷射压力已提高到160180MPa，实验室内已到200 MPa。如共轨式喷射系统及分段预喷射系统等，可根据发动机的负荷与转速自动控制合理的喷射规律和喷油压力。At present, the injection system has entered a rapid development period, are now being developed within the LMS to complete an injection, and the correct way
11、 to control the injection volume in a limited time. Injection pressure has increased to 160-180 MPa, the laboratory has to 200 MPa. If a common rail injection system and segmented injection systems, etc., according to engine load and speed automatic control reasonable injection pressure and injectio
12、n law.二、增压及可变气门配气定时Second, pressurization and variable valve valve timing当今柴油机增压和增压中冷已成为标准特点，随着发动机的轻量化与小型化，为了降低车辆油耗，提高车辆装载效率，必须继续提高增压比及增压器效率。在进一步提高大负荷区的过量空气系数a时可以减少颗粒排放，同时通过稀燃化，减少热损失，提高循环效率，进而同时降低油耗，随着高增压和高a化，组装有多个增压器的复合系统已成为可能。另外，增压器固定的涡轮几何形状也将由可用于多用途的电控可变几何形状所取代。The supercharging diesel engine and
13、 a turbocharged inter-cooled has become a standard feature, as the engine is lightweight and miniaturization, to reduce vehicle fuel consumption, improve the efficiency of vehicle load, must continue to improve the efficiency of supercharging ratio and the supercharger. In further increase when a la
14、rge load of excess air coefficient can reduce particulate emissions, through thin burning at the same time, reduce the heat loss, improve circulation efficiency, and reduce the fuel consumption at the same time, with high pressure and high a, have multiple supercharger assembly of composite system h
15、as become possible. In addition, the supercharger fixed turbine geometry will by can be used for multipurpose replaced by electronically controlled variable geometry.目前，在小缸径柴油机上4气门和喷油嘴垂直中置技术得到广泛的应用，为了减少换气损失，使混合气的形成进一步优化，现正在研究采用可变气门配气定时，从而使发动机在整个转速范围内的气门升程和定时得到最佳优化。At present, in small diesel engines
16、 on 4 valve and nozzle in the vertical technology widely used, in order to reduce the ventilation loss, further optimization of mixture formation, is now research using variable valve timing gas distribution, so that the engine in the whole speed range of the valve lift and timing to get the best op
17、timization.三、全电子优化控制Third, full electronic control如前所述，目前对燃油喷射时间、喷射量、惯性增压、增压器、进气涡流及废气再循环(EGR)等都能实现电子优化的可变控制，从而对降低排放、减少油耗、提高输出功率和启动性能等有很大作用；但是，这些控制中的多半内容，如EGR、自动诊断等，还有很多技术不够完善，有待进一步研究和开发，今后还将继续开发其它方面的电子可变控制机构，尤其是与整车相协调统一的综合化的全电子控制系统。As mentioned, currently on the fuel injection time, injection amount
18、, inertial pressurization, supercharger, intake vortex and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can realize optimization of variable control, thus to reduce emissions, reduce oil consumption, increase the output power and startup performance has very big effect. But, most of these control content, such a
19、s EGR, automatic diagnosis, there are a lot of technology is not perfect, needs further research and development, the future will continue to develop other aspects of electronic variable control mechanism, especially the integration of unity in harmony with the whole vehicle electronic control syste
20、m.四、排气后处理技术Four, exhaust after-treatment technology柴油机能否像汽油机那样使用催化剂大幅度减少排放，尤其是NOx，这是柴油机研制者一直追求的目标。日美欧现都在对此进行研究，日本有关大学、研究所和厂家正在对沸石镁及氧化铝的催化剂上用还原剂进行NOx还原试验，美国福特等公司也正在对催化还原系统(SCR)及DeNOx，催化器两种NOx还原系统进行研究。Diesel engine can like gasoline engine using catalyst significantly reduce emissions, especially NOx,
21、 this is the goal of the diesel engine developer has been. Day now in the us and Europe in this study, Japanese university, research institute and factory is on zeolite magnesium and aluminum oxide catalyst in reducing agent for NOx reduction test, ford and other companies are also on the catalytic
22、reduction (SCR) system and DeNOx catalysts both NOx reduction system were studied.SCR技术是利用氮氧化物有选择地与存在于废气中的或喷入的反应剂反应，利用一个催化器降低NOx排放，排出生成的氧气。还原反应剂可以是在柴油机废气中的HC化合物或是由附加油箱直接喷入废气流中的物质，如氨等。SCR technology is the use of nitrogen oxides and selectively exists in the exhaust or sprayed into the reaction agent
23、, using a catalytic converters to reduce NOx emission, exhaust oxygen generated. Can be in the diesel engine exhaust HC reduction reaction agent compound or directly sprayed into the waste gas stream by the external fuel tank material, such as ammonia, etc.与SCR技术相比，DeNOx催化技术系统简单，无有害生成物，目前认为最具发展潜力。De
24、NOx催化技术主要是将NOx催化热裂变为N2和O2,目前的问题是废气在催化器中停留时，催化器效率不高，因此带来转化还原效率也受到很大限制。Compared with the SCR technology, DeNOx catalytic technology system is simple, no harmful products, which is the most potential for development. DeNOx catalytic technology is mainly the NOx thermal fission for N2 and O2, the questi
25、on now is exhaust in catalytic converters, distribution efficiency is not high, so bring the transformation efficiency is limited and reduction.为减少颗粒排放而研制的各种“柴油机颗粒收集器或称过滤器(DEF)”，虽然不少产品已在欧洲轿车柴油机上装车使用，但由于DEF的耐久性差且过滤器的再生问题也没有彻底解决，因此，该项技术也正在进一步改进和发展中。To reduce the particle emissions, developed by variou
26、s diesel engine particulate collector or filter (DEF), although a lot of products have been loading on the European car diesel engine use, but because of the durability of DEF and filter regeneration has not completely solve problems, as a result, the technology is improving and developing further.五
27、、改进燃料Five, improvement of fuel燃料性能的改进，对减少排放起到很大作用，日本继美欧之后，从1997年开始把轻油中的硫含量降到0.05%以下，以此大幅度减少排放颗粒中的硫酸盐，同时减少EGR造成的发动机内部的腐蚀磨耗及催化剂中毒；进一步减少硫含量，提高十六烷值，可进一步降低NOx。减少芳香烃，尤其是减少3环以上的芳香族成分，可减少排放颗粒中的硫化物、降低90%的蒸馏温度、改进点火性能；通过使用含氧燃料或添加剂，可降低黑烟颗粒。为了适应低硫化及喷射压力的大大增加，确保燃油喷射装置的润滑性，人们对燃料的改进开发寄予了很大期望。Fuel performance improv
28、ements, have contributed significantly to reduce emissions, after the us and Europe, Japan, the sulfur content of light oil since 1997 to below 0.05%, which significantly reduce emissions of particles in the sulfate, as well as reduce the engine internal corrosion abrasion caused by the EGR and cata
29、lyst poisoning; Further reduce the sulfur content, increase the cetane number, can further reduce NOx. Reduce aromatics, especially more than 3 ring aromatic compounds, particles can reduce the emissions of sulphur, reduce 90% distillation temperature, improve the ignition performance; Through the u
30、se of oxygen fuel or additives, can reduce the smoke particles. In order to adapt to low sulfide and greatly increase the injection pressure, to ensure that the lubricity of the fuel injection device, people expected great improvements on fuel development.六、代用燃料Six, alternative fuel随着世界能源危机和环境污染问题的日
31、趋严重，寻找一种更清洁的替代石油的原料已势在必行。经过多年的研究试验，目前公认天然气是21世纪的首选替代燃料。美国一些学者认为天然气发动机汽车是与电动车相媲美的清洁能源动力车。日本研究表明，天然气汽车在环境保护、石油燃料替代及实用性等方面有着无可比拟的优点。近年来，天然气发动机、包括柴油与天然气的双燃料发动机发展很快，目前，全世界有几百万辆天然气或双燃料汽车在运行，预计到2010年，全球将有1/3的国家使用天然气汽车。正如人类本世纪初从固体燃料向液体燃料过渡一样，如今已开始从液体燃料向气体燃料过渡，从而将提高整个能源系统的效率和清洁性。As the world energy crisis an
32、d environmental pollution problems become increasingly serious, looking for a cleaner alternative to oil raw materials is imperative. After years of study, the natural gas is currently recognized as the preferred alternative fuel of the 21st century. Some American scholars think that natural gas eng
33、ine automobile is comparable to those of electric vehicles clean energy cars. Japanese research shows that the natural gas vehicle in environmental protection, oil fuel alternatives have incomparable advantages and practicability, etc. In recent years, natural gas engine, including diesel and natura
34、l gas dual fuel engine development soon, at present, there are millions of natural gas or dual-fuel car running, predicts 2010, the world will have a third of the country to use natural gas vehicle. As human transition from solid fuel to the liquid fuel at the turn of the century, now began to shift from liquid fuel to the fuel gas, which will improve the whole efficiency and clean energy system.