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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流淘金高阶英语四级100条长难句.精品文档.淘金高阶英语四级100条长难句.txt-两个人同时犯了错，站出来承担的那一方叫宽容，另一方欠下的债，早晚都要还。-不爱就不爱,别他妈的说我们合不来。www.TopwayE www.TopwayE第一章定语从句第一节常见考点突破一、定语从句的概念定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句袁本质上相当于野形容词冶遥二、定语从句的类型定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句遥大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制袁去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义遥而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充袁翻译时常常另
2、起一个句子袁与主句构成并列句遥例如院That蒺s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not bealtogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1. 同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似袁它们之前都有先行词袁但与先行词的关系有所不同院同位语从句与先行词同位或等同袁定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系遥2. 在定语从句中袁关系
3、词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分曰而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用袁没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用遥试比较以下两个句子院The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.渊同位语从句冤The fact that you are talking about is important. 渊定语从句冤第二节阅读真题难句荟萃1. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren蒺t comparable fabricsthat can just re
4、place what you蒺re doing and what your customers are used to.(09.6 Passage 1)分析主干院Most designers are finding.finding 后是省略连接词that 的宾语从句遥该从句是there be 句型袁其主语comparable fabrics 后有一个that 引导的限制性定语从句直到句末遥该定语从句的谓语动词replace 带了两个由and 连接的并列的宾语从句袁都用what 引导遥译文大多数现有品牌设计师都发现袁找不到满意的有机布料来取代现在使用的尧顾客已经习惯了的布料遥2. Todd Pa
5、rk, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn moreabout an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.(09.6 Passage 2)分析主干院Todd Park, a local detective, said.淤said 之后的内容是个省略引导词that的宾语从句遥于whose skeleton.是个定语从句袁修饰an. woman遥译文当地的一名侦探Todd Park 说袁这个方法帮他了解到有关一位身份不明的女性死者
6、的更多信息袁其尸骨是在大盐湖附近被发现的遥3. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50鄄year鄄old man who had delayed doinganything about his smoker蒺s cough for a year. (08.12 Passage 1)分析主干院Gullotta saw a man.淤who 引导的定语从句修饰a. man遥于本句是肯定陈述句袁却用了doinganything 而不是doing something袁语义上有所强调遥译文两个月以前格洛塔为一位50 岁的男士看病袁这名男士吸烟咳嗽已有一年袁但期间他没有采取任何措
7、施袁以致于延误了治疗遥4. The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers toreconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干院The crumbs make it easy to reconstruct.you leave everywhere 是定语从句袁省略了关系代词that袁修饰crumbs曰make iteasy for. to do.结构中袁it 是形式宾语袁真正的宾
8、语是不定式to reconstruct.是宾语补语袁for 引导出不定式的逻辑主语strangers遥句末由who, where 和what 引导的三个名词性从句都是reconstruct 的宾语遥译文你处处留下的野数字面包碎屑冶很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁袁你在哪里袁你对什么感兴趣遥5. Privacy econom ist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that revealpeople will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to
9、get their hands on a pitiful 50鄄cents鄄off coupon (优惠券). (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干院Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests.Privacy economist 和Alessandro Acquisti 是同位语遥tests 后的that 从句作tests 的定语袁该从句的谓语动词reveal 带有一个宾语从句people will surrender.遥译文隐私经济学家Alessandro Acquisti 进行了一系列的测试袁这些测试表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的个人信息
10、袁就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜50 美分的优惠券遥6. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories aboutwhat it蒺s like to work in a field dominated by men. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干院There was a time.本句是个存在句袁主语a time 由when 引导的定语从句修饰遥野about + what冶引导的宾语从句构成介词短语袁作stories 的后置定语遥在该宾语从句中袁it 是形式主语袁后面的不定式短语to wor
11、k.是真正的主语遥dominated.作a field 的后置定语遥译文我生活中有那么一段时间人们老是问我袁供职于一个男性占主导地位的领域感觉如何遥7. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to editas you write is what Elbow calls 野free writing.冶(07.6 Passage 2)分析主干院The practice. is what.定语从句that can.修饰主语the practice袁从句中的介词的短语past your. habit
12、s作宾语you 的补语袁as you write 引导的时间状语从句修饰trying to edit遥what 引导的表语从句中用了野call+宾语+补语冶的结构袁what 是宾语袁free writing 是补语遥译文这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图编辑的坏习惯的做法便是Elbow 所称作的野自由式写作冶遥8. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shiftingfrom curing disease to preventing disease要especially in terms of
13、changing ourmany unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure toexercise. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院the focus has been shifting淤句首As 引导非限制性定语从句袁As 指代主句所说的内容袁在从句中作seen 的宾语遥于主句中破折号后的内容是短语介词in terms of 引导的介词短语作状语袁表示1 2www.TopwayE www.TopwayE野从噎方面来说冶袁changing 与前面的shifting 构成语义再现遥译文正
14、如我们所看到的一样袁我们社会医疗的重心正在从治疗疾病转到预防疾病上来要要特别是要改变我们许多不健康的行为袁比如说不良的饮食习惯尧抽烟尧忽视锻炼遥9. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat verynutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, whogoes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a fewbeers at
15、 home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has nochest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.(06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院Imagine a person.主干部分很简短袁关键是a person 后面有5 个who 引导的定语从句袁使句式变得复杂了遥这5 个who 引导的从句都有相似的结构院含两个由but 连接的谓语袁前后的描述形成鲜明的对比遥这样的排比句式袁加强了语气袁给读者留下深刻印象遥译
16、文想象这么一个人院他体重适中袁但是并没有吃到非常有营养的食物曰他自我感觉还行袁但只是偶尔锻炼一下曰他每天都去上班袁但却不是一个优秀员工曰他大多数晚上在家里喝一点啤酒袁但却并不醉酒驾车曰他没有胸痛的感觉袁血液指数也正常袁但却嗜睡袁并且经常感到疲倦遥10. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someonewho is merely 野not ill冶and someone who is in excellent health and paysattention to the body蒺s specia
17、l needs. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院The field has not distinguished (between. and.)主句的谓语用了distinguish between. and. 的结构袁and 连接的两个someone 都用了who 引导的定语从句予以修饰遥译文传统上袁医学并没有区分一个仅仅是野没有生病冶的人和一个健康状况很好并且注意自己身体特殊需要的人遥这两种类型都被称作野健康冶遥11. In rec ent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply theterms 野
18、well冶and 野wellness冶only to those who are actively striving to maintainand improve their health. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院some health specialists have begun to apply.主句部分,不定式to apply.用作begun 的宾语遥apply. to.表示野把噎应用于噎冶袁句中表示野把well 和wellness 这样的词只用来指那些人冶遥who 引导的定语从句修饰those遥译文然而袁近些年来袁一些健康专家开始把野健康冶和野健康状况良好冶这样的
19、字眼只使用到那些积极努力去保持并改善自身健康状况的人身上遥12. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellnesscan have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challengesof daily life. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院the concept can have a (beneficial impact)句首by 引导的介词短语表示野方法尧手段冶遥have a (benefi
20、cial) impact on.野对噎有有益的影响冶遥in which 引导定语从句修饰the ways遥译文通过关注健康的生活方式袁野健康冶的理念就能对人们面对日常生活的挑战的方法产生有利的影响遥13. In it (the communications diary) they noted the number of conversations oremail exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed tohow many lies they told. (06.6 Passage 1)分析主干院they n
21、oted the number., and confessed to how.主句用了两个并列的谓语动词院noted 和confessed遥or 连接两个名词conversations和email exchanges 构成并列结构袁后面有定语从句they had 和现在分词短语lastingmore than 10 minutes 修饰遥译文在交流日记中袁他们把长达10 分钟以上的谈话或者电子邮件交流的次数记录下来袁并且承认了他们说谎的次数遥14. Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economi
22、es ofscale with which local brands cannot compete, and second, consumers in the21st century are drawn to 野global冶as a concept. (06.1 Passage 1)分析主干院Its strategy rests (on.)主句用了rest on 短语遥冒号后的first. and second. 用以解释说明冒号前的twobeliefs袁可以看做是该名词短语的同位成分遥with which 引导定语从句修饰economiesof scale渊规模经济冤遥句末的be draw
23、n to 表示野为噎所吸引冶袁as a concept 介词短语作global 的后置定语袁野作为概念的全球化冶袁或野全球化概念冶遥译文公司的策略基于两个信念院首先袁全球性的产品能够提供地方品牌无法与之竞争的规模经济曰其次袁21 世纪的消费者认可野全球冶这个概念遥15. Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doingso is to say 野I蒺m sorry you蒺re upset冶; this suggests that you are somehow atfault for allow
24、ing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.(06.1 Passage 2)分析主干院Another method. is to say.; this suggests that.本句是由分号间隔的两个分句构成的并列句遥前一分句中袁by which 引导定语从句袁修饰主语another method袁不定式to say 作表语袁引号里的直接引语作say 的宾语遥后一分句中袁that 引导的从句作suggests 的宾语遥译文另外一种表面上看似乎是在道歉袁而实际上并没有道歉的做法是说野你感到委屈袁我很抱歉冶袁这表明袁如果
25、因为别人所做的事情而让你自己感到委屈的话袁那么你多多少少是有过错的遥16. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity ofidentifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and whichthe person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (06.1 Passage 2)分析主干院there is the apolog
26、y这句话用的是there be 句型袁主干部分容易理解遥主语apology 带了多个修饰语袁包括前置修饰语general 和all covering袁后置修饰语是一个which 引导的非限制性定语从句遥在该定语从句中袁介词of+动名词短语identifying. 作定语袁修饰the necessity曰identifying 的宾语a specific act 后面带了两个定语从句袁一个是由that 引导袁另一个是由which 引导袁这两个定语从句用and 并列连接遥which 引导的定语从句中袁主语theperson 也另外带有一个who 引导的定语从句遥译文然后还有一种泛泛的无所不包的道歉
27、袁这种道歉避免了指明特别让人伤心尧特别令人委屈的袁道歉者应该保证不会再犯的具体行为遥17. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player蒺s3 4www.TopwayE www.TopwayErequest for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider themwet enough. (05.6 Passage 1)分析主干院I recall an incident.句子的宾语an incident 后面有两个修饰语袁一
28、个是介词词组in a handballgame袁一个是when 引导的定语从句渊不是时间状语从句浴冤遥when 引导的定语从句中袁有一个because 引导的原因状语从句曰注意袁从句的宾语them 是指gloves遥译文我回想起在一次手球比赛中发生的事情袁一个球员曾一度要求到场外更换手套袁但是裁判员认为他的手套没有湿到必须更换的程度袁所以拒绝了他遥第二章状语从句第一节常见考点突破一、状语从句的概念如果一个从句的功能相当于副词袁修饰动词尧形容词或整个句子袁用作状语袁那么该从句就是状语从句遥状语从句由连词引导袁多表示某动作发生的背景尧时间尧地点尧原因等遥二、状语从句的9 种常见类型常见的状语从句有
29、9 种袁每种状语从句各有其引导词袁具体可分为院时间尧地点尧条件尧原因尧目的尧结果尧让步尧方式尧比较状语从句遥1. 时间状语从句淤引导时间状语从句的连词有when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等遥于注意as, when, while 的用法区别遥as 强调时间上的野一先一后冶袁野同一时间冶袁或野随着冶之义曰when 则强调某个特定的时间曰while 表示的时间不是一点袁而是一段遥2. 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有because, since, as, for the reason that, inthat 等袁其
30、中because 表示原因的语气最重袁as 和since 所表示的原因则常常是人们知道的遥3. 让步状语从句淤让步状语从句的引导词有院although, though, even if, in spite of the fact,whereas, while, for all (that)等遥于注意even if 与even though 的区别院even if 意为野即使冶袁表述的内容不一定为即成事实曰even though 则表示野尽管冶袁即尽管有什么样的事实存在遥试比较以下两个句子院Even though he knows it, he蒺ll not let out the secret
31、.渊他知道这个秘密遥冤Even if he knows it, he蒺ll not let out the secret.渊不确定他是否知道这个秘密遥冤4. 条件状语从句淤条件状语的引导词有院if渊如果冤, unless渊除非袁如果不冤, suppose渊假设袁假定冤, incase (that)渊如果袁假使曰以防万一冤, in the event (that)渊万一袁倘若冤等遥于两种条件句院a. 真实条件句袁表示现实的或可能会变为现实的条件袁用直陈语气遥例如院If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.b. 非真实条
32、件句袁表示非现实的或不大可能会变为现实的条件袁常用虚拟语气遥例如院If I were you, I would leave now.5. 目的状语从句淤目的状语从句可由下列引导词引导院so that, so, in order that, in case, lest 等遥于lest 和in case 表示的目的是一种带有否定意义的目的袁意为野以防冶遥例如院He cut the remark out of the final programme lest it should offend the listeners.6. 结果状语从句结果状语从句的引导词有院that, so (that), su
33、ch that, with the result that, such that等遥例如院She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.7. 比较状语从句比较状语从句的引导词有院as. as, the same as, such. as袁than 等遥例如院Jack runs as fast as Mike does.8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句可由下列引导词引导院as, as if, as though, the way, how 等遥例如院She closed her eyes as though
34、 she were tired.9. 地点状语从句地点状语从句可由下列引导词引导院where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等遥例如院Put in articles where it is necessary in the following passages.第二节阅读真题难句荟萃时间状语从句18. In 2003, w hen Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, anotherformer Yale provost, as its vice鄄chancellor, the university pu
35、blicly stressed thatin her previous job she had overseen (监督) 野a major strengthening of Yale蒺sfinancial position.冶(09.12 Passage 2)分析主干院the university stressed that.淤when 引导时间状语从句袁修饰谓语动词stressed袁野剑桥任命Alison 的时候公开强调说噎冶遥有人认为when 引导定语从句修饰2003袁不妥袁因为野任命冶是瞬间动作动词袁而In 2003 是延续性时间遥于that 引导的从句作stressed 的宾语遥ov
36、ersee 常用人或项目作其宾语袁表示野监督尧监管冶袁句中用a major strengthening 作其宾语遥译文2003 年袁当剑桥大学任命耶鲁大学另一名前教务长艾莉森窑理查德为副校长时袁就公开强调艾莉森在耶鲁任职期间成功地使野耶鲁的财力大大增强冶遥19. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for anew president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, amajor source of the unive
37、rsity蒺s budget. (09.12 Passage 2)分析主干院it wanted a leader.when 引导时间状语从句遥familiar with.是形容词短语袁作定语时放在中心词aleader 后面曰a major source 是the state government 的同位语遥译文例如袁科罗拉多大学校董事会招募新校长时袁他们想要和州政府熟识的人袁因为州政府是该校主要的经费来源遥20. Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she蒺son the hunt for
38、 野cute stuff that isn蒺t too expensive.冶(09.6 Passage 1)分析主干院she finds little time (to shop) and. she蒺s on the hunt (for.)本句较短袁却同时包含了并列结构和主从复合结构遥连词and 连接两个并列的分句遥第二个分句带有一个when 引导的时间状语从句遥译文和大多数消费者一样袁她平时很少有时间逛街购物袁即便是她有空去逛的时候袁也只是淘一淘野物美价廉的东西冶遥21. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf cour
39、se and theythink, 野Geez, if it could happen to him, .冶(08.12 Passage 1)分析主干院They only come in5 6www.TopwayE www.TopwayE淤when 引导时间状语从句袁而且引导两个并列的从句院a friend drops dead.以及they think.遥引号中的是直接引语袁作think 的宾语遥于本句在理解上的一个难点是袁they think 究竟是与they come in 并列还是与a friend drops dead 并列遥从语言形式上看袁两种理解都可以曰但从语义逻辑上看袁应该是野
40、他们只有在想到噎的时候才来冶袁把they think 归到时间状语从句中更合理遥译文只有当一位朋友在高尔夫球场猝死时袁他们才来看医生遥他们会想到院野哎呀袁如果这样的事能发生在他身上袁噎冶22. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercelyon my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干院I
41、 would fight.when 引导时间状语从句遥本句理解上的难点不在语法结构袁而在语言本身所表达的内容遥was pushed into.表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的曰an argument on.野在噎方面的争论冶曰on my behalf野代表我自己袁为我自己遥冶译文有时候袁当我与别人争论左脑与右脑的问题袁或者是先天天赋与后天培育的问题时袁我会马上站在我的立场以及所有女性同胞的立场上给予狠狠的反驳遥23. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows andlet themselves be
42、captured on your notepad or your screen. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干院the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured.句首的as 引导时间状语从句遥主句部分是复合谓语袁有两个由and 连接的并列谓语遥译文随着话语开始流淌袁思想也会逐渐明朗化袁使自己呈现在你的笔记本或者屏幕上遥24. While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission towork here and she has retu
43、rned to her job at Ben & Jerry蒺s. (06.6 Passage 2)分析主干院the government has granted her permission and she has returned to.While 引导时间状语从句遥本句主句是由and 连接两个分句构成的并列句袁两个分句都用了现在完成时袁与状语从句的一般现在时对照来看袁表明主句中的两个动作都是在await 期间完成遥grant 后面接了双宾语袁间接宾语是her袁直接宾语是permission遥译文在她等待结果出来期间袁政府给予她在美国的工作许可袁她已经返回到她在Ben& Jerry 冰激凌
44、连锁店的工作岗位遥原因状语从句25. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels whogo to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co鄄opting (借用) mydaughter蒺s experience. (07.12 Passage 2)分析主干院I had to accept the fact.Because 引导原因状语从句袁该从句用了know little about.结构袁about 有两个宾语袁that 引导的从句是
45、即farm animals 和angels袁中间用or 连接袁两个名词分别都有定语从句加以修饰遥主句部分fact 带有that 引导的同位语从句遥译文因为我对会使用工具的家畜和上一年级的天使一无所知袁所以我得承认这样的事实院我在借用我女儿的经验遥26. The I SO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on productpackaging, because terms such as 野environmentally friendly冶and 野non鄄polluting冶cannot be verified. (05.6
46、Passage 2)分析主干院The standards ban claims本句只含一个原因状语从句袁结构上较为简单遥值得注意的是袁句中的名词词组大多含有修饰成分袁如院The ISO labeling standards, claims on product packaging, termssuch as.遥译文ISO 标识标准禁止在商品的包装上出现模糊的或会引起误导的产品说明袁因为我们无法证明类似野环保冶尧野无污染冶等这样的字样遥让步状语从句27. While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, d
47、istancelearning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send intheir assignments by e鄄mail. (07.12 Passage 1)分析主干院distance learning signifies a course淤句首While 引导状语从句袁有让步尧对比之意遥于in which 引导定语从句修饰acourse袁该从句本身是and 连接两个分句构成的并列结构袁两个分句分别讲到有关老师和学生的情况遥post. on Websites 结构中袁post 含有3 个宾语遥译文虽然网络课程提供的教学形式会各不相同袁但远程学习通常都表现为这样一种课程院教师将课程大纲