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1、Lecture 4INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTSBy Carlos Llano,References for the slides: Krugman y Obsfeld: International Economics. Pearson. 2006. UNCTAD (2011). WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT. Paul Antrs: http:/ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/14-54Fall-2006/DownloadthisCourse/index.htm“The extension and use of rai
2、lroads, steamships, telegraphs, break down nationalities and bring peoples geographically remote into close connection commercially and politically. They make the world one, and capital, like water, tends to a common level.” David Livingstone, reflecting on his experiences in Africa in the 1850s. Mo
3、tivacin1.Introduction2.International Labor Mobility3.Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Firms4.Extensions. IndexBalance of Payments International Trade: movement of goods and services. The easiest way of economic integration. Other ways of integration: mobility of factors of production: Imm
4、igration (labor mobility). Capital transferences through international lending. International Investments with the aim of permanence: FDI and multinational firms.1. IntroductionOne-Good Model Without Factor Mobility Hypothesis of the model: 2 countries (Home, Foreign). 2 factors of production: Land
5、(T) and Labor (L). Both countries produce only one good. Both countries have the same technology but different overall land-labor endowments (T/L ratios). Home is abundant in L, Foreign is abundant in T. Perfect competition in all markets.2. International Labor MobilityLabor: LProduction: QQ (T, L)A
6、n Economys Production Function2. International Labor MobilityRentsWagesReal WageMPL LMPLThe Marginal Product of Labor (MPL)2. International Labor M International Labor MobilityRivane Neuenschwander | Contingent - YouTube In Contingent (2008), a time-lapse film follows a single meal, as a world map d
7、aubed in honey on blotting paper is consumed by ants, the land masses becoming first emaciated then completely disconnected. Pitching a rational (and of course stubbornly Eurocentric) chart against an unpredictable system, Neuenschwanders dynamic territories refer back to when terra incognita spaces
8、 visual representations of what is not known2 had yet to disappear from maps, when the distinction between pictorial and cartographic representation was less certain.2. International Labor Mobilityhttp:/blip.tv/frieze/rivane-neuenschwander-pangaea-s-diaries-2008-1897430Rivane Neuenschwander, Pangaea
9、s Diaries (2008)Pangaeas Diaries (2008), shown at the 2008 Carnegie International, is a microcosmic account of massive shift: a stop-motion projection of ants shuffling a beef carpaccio around a white oval plate, glimpses of a world map occasionally caught amidst the flux. The vertiginous compressio
10、n through which a 250 million-year-old supercontinent is collapsed into a two-minute projection is matched by the title, which refers to both the vast land mass that preceded the separation of the continents and the three-month period that the works painstaking frame-by-frame production required. Ti
11、me spent simply living or perhaps just eating carpaccio at a restaurant is casually placed alongside the rhythms of vast geological processes, as though the significances of both werent so far apart. Migration: workers are able to move between the two countries. Nationals will want to move to Foreig
12、n until the MPL (wage) equals the one at Home. This movement will reduce the Homes Labor Force, and thus raises the real wage in Home. This movement rises the labor force and reduces the real wage in Foreign.2. International Labor MobilityL2Causes and effects of International Labor Mobility MPLMPLMP
13、L* MPL*Home EmploymentOForeign EmploymentO*ABCL1Migration of labor from Home to ForeignTotal world labor forceMarginal Product of Labor2. International Labor Mobility Effects of the re-distribution of the world labor force: It leads to a convergence of real wage rates. It increases the worlds output
14、 as a whole but it produces loses in some groups: Which groups? Those who would originally have worked in Home receive higher real wages (because of less competition and a higher MPL). Inversely in Foreign. The “land-owners” in Home are hurt since they have to pay higher wages, while the land-owners
15、 in Foreign will benefit from the larger labor supply (+ competition, - W). 2. International Labor Mobility Extension: we could modify the model by adding some complications: We assume that the 2 countries produce 2 goods, 1 is labor intensive (L) and the other is Land intensive (T). In this case, “
16、trade” offers an alternative to factor mobility: Home and Foreign could specialize according to its factor endowment (H-O) Home could export Labor (L) and import land (T), just by exporting the good “intensive in L” and “importing the good intensive in T.2. International Labor Mobility Doubt: Then,
17、is factor mobility an obstacle for trade? In theory it is, but in practice there is space for both of them. Trade is not a perfect substitutive of factor mobility. Why? The HOV Model does not work perfectly: The equalization of factor prices is not produced in the real world: countries are very diff
18、erent and they tend to specialize. There are barriers to trade: natural and artificial. There are many differences in technology as long as in natural resources. Many “services” cant move and/or be commercialized. Trade produced by “economies of scale” implies factor mobility “between regions” or “b
19、etween industries”.2. International Labor MobilityForeign Direct Investment (FDI): It refers to international capital flows in which a firm in one country expands or creates a subsidiary in another. It involves not only a transfer of resources but also the acquisition of control. The subsidiary does
20、 not simply have a financial obligation to the “related” company (Ex: interests) but a “political” relationship of being part of the same organizational structure.3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and MultinationalsMultinational Firms: They are a vehicle for international borrowing and lending.Diff
21、erences between FDI and multinationals (Lipsey, 2003) MNE borrow in local markets. FDI does not always involves taking the control.Why choosing FDI vs. other ways of internationalization? Two theories: Location theory Internalization theory3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and MultinationalsLocatio
22、n theory A good can be produced in more than a country because of different factors: Natural resources; transportation cost (metallurgy; refinery); trade barriers (pharmaceuticals).Internalization theory The same good is produced in different locations by the same firm instead of different firms, ma
23、king use of intra-firm technology transfer, management and finance ( and taxes). Technology transfer; Vertical Integration.3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and MultinationalsWhat is the relative importance of the multinationals? They play an important role in world trade and investment.10% of the
24、world GDP is produced by foreign subsidiaries of the U.S. imports are transactions between “related parties” (intra-firm flow)24% of U.S. Assets abroad consists of the value of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. firms. 3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Multinationals TNCs production generated value-a
25、dded = $16 trillion in 2010, (1/4 of global GDP. Foreign affiliates of TNCs: 10% of global GDP. 1/3 world exports.FDI UNCTADS REPORT 2011.International production is expanding, with foreign sales, employment and assets of transnational corporations (TNCs) all increasing. Global FDI flows rose modera
26、tely to $1.24 trillion in 2010, but were still 15% below their pre-crisis average. In contrast, global industrial output and trade, are back to pre-crisis levels. (FDI is more volatile than trade) UNCTAD estimates that global FDI will recover to its pre-crisis level in 2011, increasing to $1.41.6 tr
27、illion, and approach its 2007 peak in 2013. In 2010, developing and transition economies together attracted more than half of global FDI flows. Outward FDI from those economies also reached record highs, with most of their investment directed towards other countries in the South (South-South FDI). F
28、DI inflows to developed countries continued to decline. The poorest regions continued to see declines in FDI flows: Flows to Africa, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States fell, as did flows to South Asia. Major emerging regions, such as East an
29、d South-East Asia and Latin America experienced strong growth in FDI inflows.FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTADS WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011.FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTADS WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011)Fragmentation the production chain: an example State-owned TNCs are an important emerging source
30、of FDI. There are at least 650 State-owned TNCs, with 8,500 foreign affiliates across the globe. While they represent less than 1 % of TNCs, their outward investment accounted for 11 % of global FDI in 2010. The ownership and governance of State-owned TNCs have raised concerns in some host countries
31、.FDI TRENDS AND PROSPECTS (UNCTADS WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011).The relevance of Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) Trade, productivity and foreign market entry decisions: Export vs. FDI: (Head and Ries, 2003, Helpman, 2004, Girma and Kneller, 2003) Export vs. FDI with symmetric countries: Markusen and
32、Venables (2000) Export vs. FDI with heterogeneous firms: (Melitz, 2003; Helpman, Melitz y Yeaple, 2004)4. ExtensionsVertical vs Horizontal FDI: Horizontal FDI: Trade and FDI are substitutive. References: (Brainard, 1997). Vertical FDI: Trade and FDI are complementary. References: (Helpman, 1984; Antrs, 2003; Hanson et al, 2003; Yeaple, 2003). 4. Extensions