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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流FreeKaoYan专业术语表.精品文档.专业术语表A-B-A设计A-B-A design Experimental design in which participants first experience the baseline condition(A),then experience the experimental treatment(B),and then return to the baseline(A).变态心理学Abnormal psychology The area of psychological investigati
2、on concerned with understanding the nature of individual patholoies of mind,mood,and behavior.绝对阈限Absolute threshold The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a reliable sensory experience; operationally defined as the stimulus level at which a sensory signal is detected half the time.
3、顺应Accommodation 1.The process by which the ciliary muscles change the thickness of the lens of the eye to permit variable focusing on near and distant objects. 2.According to Piaget,the process of restructuring or modifying cognitive structures so that new information can fit into them more easily;t
4、his process works in tandem with assimilation.习得Acquisition The stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the conditional response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus.动作电位Action potential The nerve impulse activated in neuron that travels down the axon and causes neurotrans
5、mitters to be released into a synapse.急性应激Acute stress A transient state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset patterns.成瘾Addiction A condition in which the body requires a drug in order to function without phsysical and psychological reactions to its absence; often the outcome of toleran
6、ce and dependence.年龄歧视Ageism Prejudice against older people,similar to racism and sexism in its negtive stereotypes.攻击 Aggression Behaviors that cause psychological or physical harm to another individual.广场恐怖症Agoraphobia An extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces from which excape may
7、be difficult or embarrassing.艾滋病AIDS Acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome,a syndrome caused by a virus that damages the immune system and weakens the bodys ability to fight infection.算法Algorithm A step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a particular type of proble
8、m.全或无定律All-or-none law The rule that the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level.利他主义Altruism Prosocial behaviors a person carries out without considering his or her own safety or interests.阿尔茨海默病症Alzheimers disease A chronic
9、 organic brain syndrome characterized by gradual loss of memory,decline in intellectual ability,the deterioration of personality.无轴突细胞Amacrine cells Cells that integrate information across the retina; rather than sending signals toward the brain,a machrine cells link bipolar cells to other bipolar c
10、ells and ganglion cells to other ganglion cells.模糊性Ambiguity A perceptual object that may have more than One interpretation.遗忘症Amnesia A failure of memory caused by physical injury,disease,drug use,or psycholotical trauma.杏仁核 Amygdala The part of limbic system that controls emotion,aggression,and th
11、e information of emotional memory.分析心理学Analytic psychology A branch of psychology that views the person as a constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance.锚定启发法Anchoring heuristic An insufficient adjustment up or down from an original starting value when judging the probable val
12、ue of some event or outcome.动物认知Animal cognition The cognitive capabilities of nonhuman animals; researchers trace the development of cognitive capabilies across species and the continuity of capabilities from nonhuman to human animals.厌食症进食障碍Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder in which an individua
13、l weighs less than 85 percent of her or his expected weight but still controls eating because of a self-perception of obesity.应激预应付Anticipatory coping Efforts made in advance of a potentially stressful event to overcome,reduce,or tolerate the imbalance between perceived demands and aveailable resour
14、ces.焦虑 Anxiety An intense emotional response caused by the preconscious recognition that a repressed conflct is about to emerge into consciousness.焦虑障碍 Anxiety disorders Mental disorders marked by physiological arousal,feelings of tension,and intense apprehension without apparent reason.似动Apparent m
15、otion A movement illusion in which one or more stationary lights going on and off in succession are perceived as a single moving light; the simplest form of apparent motion is the phi phenomenon.原型Archetype Auniversal,inherited,primitive,and symbolic representation of a particular experience or obje
16、ct.同化Assimilation According to Piaget,the process whereby new cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily; this process workds in tandem with accommodation.联合皮层Association cortex The parts of the cerebral cortex in which many high-level brain processes occur.依恋A
17、ttachment Emotional relationship between a child and the Regular caregiver.注意Attention A state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information.态度Attitude The learned,relatively stable tendency to respond to people,concepts,and events in a evaluative way.归因理论Attribution theor
18、y A social-cognitive approach to destributing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations.归因Attributions Judgments about the causes of outcomes.听众设计 Audience design The process of shaping a message depending on the audience for which it is intended.听皮层Auditory cort
19、ex The area of the temporal lobes that receives and processes auditory information.听神经Auditory nerve The nerve that carries impulses from the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus of the brain.自动过程Automatic processes Processes that do not require attention;they can often be performed along with other task
20、s without interference.自主神经系统Autonomic nervous system(ANS) The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys involuntary motor responses by connecting the sensory receptors to the central nervous system(CNS) and the CNS to the smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,and glands.可用性启发法Avai
21、lability heuristic A judgment based on the information readily avialable in memory.厌恶疗法Aversion therapy A type of behavioral therapy used to treat individuals attracted to harmful stimuli;an attractive stimulus is paired with noxious stimulus in order to elecit a negative reaction to the target stim
22、ulus.轴突Axon The extended fiber of a neuron through which nerve impulses travel from the soma to the terminal buttons.基础水平Basic level The level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most quickly and used most efficiently.基底膜Basilar membrane A membrane in the cochlea that,when set into m
23、otion,stimulates hair cells that produce the neural effects of auditory stimulation.行为Behavior The action by which and organism adjusts to its environment.行为分析Bahavior analysis The area of psychology that focuses on the environmental determinants of learning and behavior.行为矫正Behavior modification Th
24、e systematic use of principles of learning to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and/or decrease the frequency of problem behaviors.行为治疗Behavior therapy See behavior modification.行为确认Behavioral confirmation The process by which people behave in ways that elicit from others specific expected
25、 reactions and then use those reactions to confirm their beliefs.行为数据Behavioral data Observational reports about the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occurs or changes.行为测量Behavioral measures Overt actions and reactions that are observed and recorded,exclusive of sel
26、f-reported behavior.行为复现Behavioral rehearsal Procedures used to establish and strengthen basic skills; as used in social-skills training programs,requires the client to rehearse a desirable behavior sequence mentally.行为主义Behaviorism A scientific approach that limits the study of psychology to measur
27、able or observable behavior.行为主义观点Behaviorist perspective The psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationshops of observable behavior to environmental stimuli.信念偏差效应Belief-bias effect A situation that occurs when a per
28、sons prior knowledge,attitudes,or values disort the reasoning process by influencing the person to accept invalid arguments.被试间设计 Between-subjects design A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.生物反馈 Biofeed
29、back A self-regulatory technique by which an individual acquires voluntary control over nonconscious biological processes.学习的生物制约性Biological constraints on learning Any limitations on an organisms capacity to learn that are caused by the inherited sensory,response,or cognitive capabilities of member
30、s of a given species.生物学观点Biological perspective The approach to identifying causes of behavior that focuses on the functioning of the genes,the brain,the nervous system,and the endocrine system.生物医学治疗Biomedical therapies Treatments for psychological disorders that alter brain functioning with chemi
31、cal or physical interventions such as drug therapy,surgery,or electro-convulsive therapy.生物心理社会模式 Biopsychosocial model A model of health and illness that suggests that links among the nervous system,the immune system,behavioral styles,cognitive processing,and environmental factors can put people at
32、 risk for illness.双极细胞Bipolar cells Nerve cells in the visual system that combine impulses from many receptors and transmit the results to ganglion cells.双相障碍Bipolar disorder A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.阻断Blocking A phenomenon in which and organism do
33、es not learn a new stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus,because the new stimulus in presented stimulaneously with a stimulus that is already effective as a signal.躯体形象Body image The subjective experience of the appearance of ones body.自上而下的加工Bottom-up processing Perceptual analyses based
34、on the sensory data available in the environment;results of analyses are passed upward toward more abstract representations.脑干Brain stem The brain structure that regulates the bodys basic life processes.明度Brightness The dimension of color space that captures the intensity of light.布洛卡区Brocas area Th
35、e region of the brain that translates thoughts into speech or sign.暴食性进食障碍Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by measures to purge the body of the excess calories.旁观者介入Bystander intervention Willingness to assist a person in need of help.坎农巴德情绪理论Cannon-Bard theo
36、ry of emotion A theory stating that an Emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions-arousaland experience of emotion-that do not cause each other.个案研究Case study Intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals.宣泄Catharsis The process of expressing strongly fel
37、t but usually repressed emotions.中枢神经系统Central nervous system(CNS) The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.中心化Centration A thought pattern common during the beginning of the preoperational stage of cognitive development;characterized by the childs inability to take mor
38、e than one perceptual factor into account at the same time.小脑Cerebellum The region of the brain attached to the brain stem that controls motor coordination,posture,and balance as well as the ability to learn control of body movements.大脑皮层Cerebral contex The outer surface of the cerebrum.大脑两半球Cerebra
39、l hemispheres The two halves of the cerebrum,connected by the corpus callosum.大脑Cerebrum The region of the brain that regulates higher cognitive and emotional functions.儿童指向语言Child-directed speech A special form of speech with an exaggerated and high-pitched intonation that adults use to speak to in
40、fants and young children.慢性应激Chronic stress A continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceives demands as greater than the inner and outer resources available for dealing with them.生理年龄Chronological age The number of months or years since an individuals birth.组块Chunking The process of ta
41、king single items of information and recording them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle.生物节律Circadian rhythm A consistent pattern of cyclical body activities,usually lasing 25 to 25 hours and determined by an internal biological clock.经典条件作用Classical conditioning A type of
42、learning in which a behavior (conditioned response) comes to be elicited by a stimulus (conditioned stimulus)that has acquired its power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus (unconditioned stimulus).来访者Client The term used by clinicians who think of psychological disorders
43、 as problems in living,and not as mental illnesses,to describe those being treated.来访者中心疗法Client-centered therapy A humanistic approach to treatment that emphasizes the healthy psychological growth of the individual;based on the assumption that all people share the basic tendency of human nature tow
44、ard self-actualization.临床生态学 Clinical ecology A field of psychology that relates disorders such as anxiety and depression to environmental irritants and sources of trauma.临床心理学家Clinical psychologist An individual who has earned a doctorate in psychology and whose training is in the assessment and tr
45、eatment of psychological problems.临床社会工作者Clinical social worker A mental health professional whose specialized training prepares him or her to consider the social context of peoples problems.封闭性Closure A perceptual organizing process that leads individuals to see incomplete figures as complete.耳蜗Coc
46、hlea The primary organ of hearing;a fluid-filled coiled tube located in the inner ear.认知Cognition Processes of knowing,including attending,remembering,and reasoning;also the content of the processes,such as concepts and memories.认知评价Cognitive appraisal With respect to emotions,the process through wh
47、ich physiological arousal is interpreted with respect to circumstances in the particular setting in which it is being experienced;also,the recognition and evaluation of a stressor to assess the demand,the size of the threat,the resources available for dealing with it,and appropriate coping strategies.情绪的认知评价理论Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion A theory stating that the experience of emotion is the joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal,w