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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流考研英语历年真题翻译部分答案19942011.精品文档.1994年英译汉试题71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西72) In short, a leader of th
2、e new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及73) Over the years, tools and
3、technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。74) Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove
4、 that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the drivi
5、ng force. 政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。 1995年英译汉试题71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。72) How well the pr
6、edictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or
7、 both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities
8、 to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underp
9、rivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。1996年英译汉试题 (1)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science
10、 being to some extent self-accelerating. 译文：在这些原因中，有些完全是社会需求的必然结果/自然而然地来自社会需求，而另一些原因则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。(2)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishmen
11、t cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。(3)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 译文：通过支持与当前目标无关但对将来可能会产生影响的某些科学研究，这一问题看来能最有效地得
12、到解决。(4)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. 译文：然而，世界就是如此创造的，以至于完美的体系一般而言都不能解决一些世界上更加引人入胜的问题。(5)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have
13、 in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 译文：就像过去那样，将来也必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，从而给完美以新的标准。1997年英译汉试题 (6)Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 译文：实际上，这一问法并不存在/事实并非如此，因为这种问法认为这儿存在一种对人权的共同认识，而这种共同认识在世界
14、上并不存在。(7)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 译文：有些哲学家认为，权利只是存在于社会契约之中，并作为责任与权利相交换的一部分。(8)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the c
15、onsideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么就是完全冷漠无情。(9)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of mo
16、ral choice. 译文：这类极端主义者认为，人与动物在每一个相关的方面都不相同，因此动物不在道德考虑的范围之内或对待动物无须考虑道德问题。(10)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 译文：看到动物痛苦产生这样的同情心并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应该得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。1998年英译
17、汉试题 (11)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 译文：但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。(12)The existence of the giant clouds was
18、virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 译文：巨大宇宙云的存在，实际上使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位。(13)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on s
19、uch structures, and may report their findings soon. 译文：天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。(14)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 译文：假如那些小热点看上去同预想的一致，那就意味着
20、又一科学观点的胜利，这种观点即一种完美的大爆炸论，也称宇宙膨胀理论。(15)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 译文：虽然宇宙膨胀理论听起来古怪，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公
21、认的观点在科学上看来可信的结论。而且许多天体物理学家七八年来一直相信这一结论是正确的。1999年英译汉试题 (16) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 译文：几乎每个历史学家对历史都有自己的界定，但现
22、代历史学家的实践最趋向于认同这样一个定义，即把历史学看作是试图对过去重大事件的重现和解释。(17) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.译文1：人们对历史研究方法产生兴趣，这与其说是因为外界对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不与说历史学家内部发
23、生了争吵。译文2：人们之所以对历史研究的方法产生兴趣，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。(18)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 译文：在这种转变中，那些在历史研究中用来解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。(19) There is no agreeme
24、nt whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 译文：方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域所使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。(20) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as on
25、ly the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 译文：这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。2000年英译汉试题 (21) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized contro
26、l and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 译文：在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而也需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。(22)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and t
27、hat this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 译文：再者/更进一步来说，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而反过来效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。(23)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ide
28、as, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 译文：由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。(24) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the far reaching changes in
29、 social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 译文：在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10 年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的工业化进程。(25)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the pop
30、ulation explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动-现代交通工具使这样的大量人口流动变得相对容易-所引起的各种问题也同样造成新的社会压力。2001年英译汉试题 (26) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors
31、that will disable them when they offend. 译文：届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停止行驶。(27) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-telev
32、ision, and digital age will have arrived. 译文：儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工业伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。(28)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hund
33、reds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。(29) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully e
34、lectronic human before the end of the next century.” 译文：但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”(30)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. 译文：家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以
35、至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病厨房狂躁症。2002年英译汉试题 (31) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。(32)The behavioral sciences have bee
36、n slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。(33)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more
37、than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。(34)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man
38、of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 译文：自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而被给予肯定的必不可少的前提。(35) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be reje
39、cted, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 译文：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。2003年英译汉试题 (36)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 译文：而且
40、，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他生命形态服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。(37)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力
41、图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。(38)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 译文：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门
42、独特并且非常重要的社会科学。(39)Tylor defined culture as “.that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 译文：泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”(40)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,
43、like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 译文：因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。2004年英译汉试题 (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process
44、 of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 译文：希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。(42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and
45、lost their native languages. 译文：我们得感谢他们（两位先驱），因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。(43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating
46、their data. 译文：这些新近被描绘的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲及东南亚地区的语言之间的区别往往如此显著，以至于有学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。(44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought ma society. 译文：沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，因此他逐渐形成了这样的观点：一个社会中
47、语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。(45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.译文：沃尔夫逐渐相信某种语言决定论观点，其极端的说法是，语言禁锢思想，语
48、言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。2005年英译汉试题 (46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 译文：电视是引发并传达这些情绪的方式之一，在加强不同民族和国家间的联系方面，或许它从未像在近来欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。(47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 译文：同其他地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团蒸蒸日上，这些集团把相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志及出版社等媒体联合到一起。(48) This alone demons