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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流月英语六级真题及答案详解.精品文档.My Views on University RankingPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Into the UnknownThe world has never seen population ageing before. Can it cope?Until the early 1990s nobody much thought about whole populations getting older.
2、The UN had the foresight to convene a “world assembly on ageing” back in 1982, but that came and went. By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happening. In a report entitled “Averting the Old Age Crisis”, it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable.For
3、 the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded the alarm. They had titles like Young vs Old, Gray Dawn and The Coming Generational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems were heading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners, and soo
4、n there would be intergenerational warfare.Since then the debate has become less emotional, not least because a lot more is known about the subject. Books, conferences and research papers have multiplied. International organisations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports. Population agein
5、g is on every agenda, from G8 economic conferences to NATO summits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year. The media, including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage.Whether all that a
6、ttention has translated into sufficient action is another question. Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-care promises will soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked on reforms, but so far only timidly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye
7、on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years, perhaps decades.The outline of the changes needed is clear. To avoid fiscal (财政) meltdown, public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go
8、up. By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer, because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time. It may even keep them alive longer. John Rother, the AARPs head of policy and strategy, points to s
9、tudies showing that other things being equal, people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers.Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous. Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are
10、 worth holding on to. That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labour force, increasing employers choice. But the reservoir of women able and willing
11、to take up paid work is running low, and the baby-boomers are going grey.In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labour force as have already emerged (and remember that the real shortage is still around ten years off). Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has
12、ever been, and it is making a useful difference. In still-fertile America it currently accounts for about 40% of total population growth, and in fast-ageing western Europe for about 90%.On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries have lots of young people in need of j
13、obs; many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next few decades labour forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twice their current si
14、ze in western Europes most youthful countries, and three times in the older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present. Public opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high. Further big increases would be politic
15、ally unfeasible.To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root, “old” countries would have to rejuvenate (使年轻) themselves by having more of their own children. A number of them have tried, some more successfully than others. But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or
16、providing more child care. Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families. Women find it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having just one child.And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up? It will not be the end of the world, at least n
17、ot for quite a while yet, but the world will slowly become a different place. Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries will be over 50a
18、nd older people turn out to vote in much greater number than younger ones. Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, though if in future there are many more of them they might start do
19、ing so.Nor is there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s. After all, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents and grown-up children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of Mannheim University found that 85% of them lived within 25km of
20、each other and the majority of them were in touch at least once a week.Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too. Richard Jackson and Neil Howe of Americas
21、CSIS, in a thoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue that, among other things, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications.For example, the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they hav
22、e to military service. In the decades to 2050, America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed worlds defence effort. Because Americas population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking, America will be the only developed country that
23、still matters geopolitically (地缘政治上).Ask me in 2020There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have to live with it. But some of the consequences can be alleviated. Many experts now believe that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not be catast
24、rophic. Most countries have recognised the need to do something and are beginning to act.But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happening now is historically unprecedented. Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on the Economics and Demography of Ageing at the Universi
25、ty of California, Berkeley, puts it briefly and clearly: “We dont really know what population ageing will be like, because nobody has done it yet. “注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1. In its 1994 report, the World Bank argued that the current pension system in most countries could _.A not be sustained in the long
26、termB further accelerate the ageing processC hardly halt the growth of populationD help tide over the current ageing crisis2. What message is conveyed in books like Young vs Old?A The generation gap is bound to narrow.B Intergenerational conflicts will intensify.C The younger generation will beat th
27、e old.D Old people should give way to the young.3. One reason why pension and health care reforms are slow in coming is that _.A nobody is willing to sacrifice their own interests to tackle the problemB most people are against measures that will not bear fruit immediatelyC the proposed reforms will
28、affect too many peoples interestsD politicians are afraid of losing votes in the next election4. The author believes the most effective method to solve the pension crisis is to _.A allow people to work longer C cut back on health care provisionsB increase tax revenues D start reforms right away5. Th
29、e reason why employers are unwilling to keep older workers is that _.A they are generally difficult to manageB the longer they work, the higher their pensionC their pay is higher than that of younger onesD younger workers are readily available6. To compensate for the fast-shrinking labour force, Jap
30、an would need _.A to revise its current population control policyB large numbers of immigrants from overseasC to automate its manufacturing and service industriesD a politically feasible policy concerning population7. Why do many women in rich countries compromise by having only one child?A Small fa
31、milies are becoming more fashionable.B They find it hard to balance career and family.C It is too expensive to support a large family.D Child care is too big a problem for them.8. Compared with younger ones, older societies are less inclined to _.9. The predicted intergenerational warfare is unlikel
32、y because most of the older people themselves _.10. Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to commit them to _.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ASection CPsychologists are finding that hope plays a surprisingly vital role in giving people a measurable
33、 advantage in realms as (36) _ as academic achievement, bearing up in tough jobs and coping with (37) _ illness. And, by contrast, the loss of hope is turning out to be a stronger sign that a person may (38) _ suicide than other factors long thought to be more likely risks.“Hope has proven a powerfu
34、l predictor of (39) _ in every study weve done so far,” said Dr. Charles R. Snyder, a psychologist who has devised a (40) _ to assess how much hope a person has.For example, in research with 3,920 college students, Dr. Snyder and his (41) _ found that the level of hope among freshmen at the beginnin
35、g of their first semester was a more (42) _ predictor of their college grades than were their S.A.T. scores or their grade point (43) _ in high school, the two measures most commonly used to predict college performance.(44)”_,” Dr. Snyder said. “When you compare students of equivalent intelligence a
36、nd past academic achievements, what sets them apart is hope.”In devising a way to assess hope scientifically, Dr. Snyder (45)_. “That notion is not concrete enough, and it blurs two key components of hope,” Dr. Snyder said. (46)”_.”Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Questio
37、ns 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Most young boys are trained to believe that men should be strong, tough, cool, and detached. Thus, they learn early to hide vulnerable emotions such as love, joy, and sadness because they believe that such feelings are feminine and imply weakness. Over
38、time, some men become strangers to their own emotional lives. It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions, supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure (镇定). Keep in mind, however, that this view is cha
39、llenged by some researchers. As with many gender gaps, differences in emotionality tend to be small, inconsistent, and dependent on the situation. For instance, Robertson and colleagues found that males who were more traditionally masculine were more emotionally expressive in a structured exercise t
40、han when they were simply asked to talk about their emotions.Males difficulty with “tender” emotions has serious consequences. First, suppressed emotions can contribute to stress-related disorders. And worse, men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals. Second, mens emotion
41、al inexpressiveness can cause problems in their relationships with partners and children. For example, men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction, as do their female partners. Further, children whose fathers are warm, loving, and accepting toward them have hig
42、her self-esteem and lower rates of aggression and behavior problems. On a positive note, fathers are increasingly involving themselves with their children. And 30 percent of fathers report that they take equal or greater responsibility for their children than their working wives do.One emotion males
43、 are allowed to express is anger. Sometimes this anger translates into physical aggression or violence. Men commit nearly 90 percent of violent crimes in the United States and almost all sexual assaults.注意： 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47. Most young boys have been trained to believe that men who show tender feel
44、ings are considered to be _.48. Some men believe that if they expressed their emotions openly they might _.49. According to the author, men who suppress their emotions may develop _.50. Men who observe traditional masculine norms are said to derive less satisfaction from _.51. When males get angry,
45、they can become _ or even commit violence.Section BPassage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed to
46、 offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War , the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholar