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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流建筑工程放坡系数及土方放坡计算公式.精品文档.土方放坡系数土方放坡系数（m)：（如图所示）是指土壁边坡坡度的底宽b与基高h之比，即m=b/h计算 1、在建筑中，放坡应该从垫层的上表面开始 ； 2、管线土方工程定额，对计算挖沟槽土方放坡系数规定如下： (1)挖土深度在lm以内，不考虑放坡； (2)挖土深度在1.01m2.00m，按1:0.5放坡； (3)挖土深度在2.01m4.00m，按1:0.7放坡； (4)挖土深度在4.01m5.00m，按1:1放坡； (5)挖土深度大于5m，按土体稳定理论计算后的边坡进行放坡。 注意: 计算工程量时，地槽
2、交接处放坡产生的重复工程量不予扣除。 因土质不好，基础处理采用挖土、换土时，其放坡点应从实际挖深开始。 在挖土方、槽、坑时 ，如遇不同土壤类别 ，应根据地质勘测资料分别计算。 边坡放坡系数可根据各土壤类别及深度加权取定 这张表的数据并不是在每个地方都适用,只是通用规则,根据2009年新规范讲义: 土类单一土质时,普通土(一二类)开挖深度大于1.2米开始放坡(K=0.50),坚土(三四类)开挖深度大于1.7米开始放坡(K=0.30)。土类混合土质时,开挖深度大于1.5米开始放坡,然后按照不同土质加权计算放坡系数K。建筑工程施工手册中对放坡系数的规定 放坡高度、比例确定表 土壤类别放坡深度规定（m
3、）高于宽之比人工挖土机械挖土坑内作业坑上作业一、二类土超过1.201：0.51：0.331：0.75三类土超过1.501：0.331：0.251：0.67四类土超过2.001：0.251：0.101：0.33注：1.沟槽、基坑中土壤类别不同时，分别按其土壤类别、放坡比例以不同土壤厚度分别计算； 2.计算放坡工程量时交接处的重复工程量不扣除，符合放坡深度规定时才能放坡，放坡高度应自垫层下表面至设计室外地坪标高计算。放坡系数及工作面宽度的确定 1放坡 不管是用人工或是机械开挖土方，在施工时为了防止土壁坍塌都要采取一定的施工措施，如放坡、支挡板或打护坡桩。放坡是施工中较常用的一种措施。 当土方开挖深
4、度超过一定限度时，将上口开挖宽度增大，将土壁做成具有一定坡度的边坡，防止土壁坍塌，在土方工程中称为放坡。 （1）放坡起点。 放坡起点，就是指某类别土壤边壁直立不加支撑开挖的最大深度。放坡起点应根据土质情况确定。综合基价中对挖土方、地槽、地坑的放坡起点进行了综合取定，详见表52。 （2）放坡系数。 将土壁做成一定坡度的边坡时，土方边坡的坡度，以其高度H与边坡宽度B之比来表示。 故称K为坡度系数。 综合基价中，对挖土方、地槽、地坑等在各种情况下的坡度系数进行了综合取定，供预算编制时使用 。 例51 已知开挖深度H2.2m，槽底宽度A2.0m，土质为三类土，采用人工开挖。试确定上口开挖宽度是多少 解
5、 查表52知，三类土放坡起点深度h1.5m，人工挖土的坡度系数k0.33。由于开挖深度（H）大于放坡起点深度（h），故采取放坡开挖。每边边坡宽度： BKH0.332.20.73（m） 故，上口开宽度为： AA2B2.020.733.46（m） 例52 已知某基坑开挖深度H10m。其中表层土为一、二类土，厚h12m，中层土为三类土，厚h25m，下层土为四类土，厚h33m。采用正铲挖土机在坑底开挖，试确定其坡度系数。 解 对于这种在同一坑内有三种不同类别土壤的情况，根据综合基价的规定“在同一槽、坑或沟内如遇土壤类别不同时，分别按其放坡起点、放坡系数、依不同土壤厚度加权平均计算其放坡系数”。 一、二
6、类土坡度系数k10.33 三类土坡度系数k20.25 四类土坡度系数k30.10 故综合坡度系数： 2工作面 根据基础施工的需要，挖土时按基础垫层的双向尺寸向周边放出一定范围的操作面积，作为工人施工时的操作空间，这个单边放出的宽度，就称为工作面。 基础工程施工时所需要增设的工作面，应根据已批准的施工组织设计确定。但在编制预算时，则应按下列规定计算： 砖基础每边增加工作面20cm； 浆砌毛石、条石基础每边增加工作面15cm； 混凝土基础或垫层需支模板时，每边增加工作面30cm； 基础垂直面做防水层时，每边增加工作面80cm（防水层面）。 3有关说明 （1）当开挖深度超过放坡起点深度时，可以采用放
7、坡开挖，也可以采用支挡土板开挖或采取其它的支护措施。编制预算时应根据已批准的施工组织设计规定选定，如果施工组织设计无规定，则均应按放坡开挖编制预算。 （2）综合基价内所列的放坡起点、坡度系数、工作面，仅作为编制预算时计算土方工程量使用。实际施工中，应根据具体的土质情况和挖土深度，按照安全操作规程和施工组织设计的要求放坡和设置工作面，以保证施工安全和操作要求。实际施工中无论是否放坡，无论放坡系数多少，均按综合基价内的放坡系数计算工程量，不得调整。综合基价与实际工作面差异所发生的土方量差，亦不允许调整。 （3）当预算内计算了放坡工程量后，实际施工中由于边坡坡度不足所造成的边坡塌方，其经济损失应由承
8、包商承担，工程合同工期也不得顺延；发生的边坡小面积支挡土板，也不得套用支挡土板综合基价，其费用由承包商承担。 （4）当开挖深度超过放坡起点深度、而实际施工中某边土壁又无法采 用放坡施工（如：与原有建筑物或道路相临一侧的开挖、稳定性较差的杂填土层的开挖等），确需采用支挡土板开挖时，必须有相应的已批准的施工组织设计，方可按支挡土板开挖编制预算。否则，不论实际是否需要采用支挡土板开挖，均按放坡开挖编制预算，支挡土板所用工料不得列入工程预算。 （5）计算支挡土板开挖的挖土工程量时，按图示槽、坑底宽度尺寸每边各加工作面10cm计算。这10cm为支挡土板所占宽度。 （6）已批准的施工组织设计采用护坡桩或其
9、他方法支护时，不得再按放坡或支挡土板开挖编制预算。但打护坡桩或其他支护应另列项目计算。计算公式体积计算公式圆柱体：体积=底面积高长方体：体积=长宽高 正方体：体积棱长棱长棱长 锥 体: 底面面积高3 台 体: V= S上+(S上S下)+S下h/3球缺体积公式h2 (3R-h)3球体积公式：V4R3/3棱柱体积公式：VS底面hS直截面l （l为侧棱长,h为高)棱台体积：V=S1S2开根号（S1*S2）/3*h 注：V：体积；S1：上表面积；S2：下表面积；h：高挖方放坡系数及计算公式(1)挖方形或长方形地坑放坡工程量计算：计算公式：V：(B1+2C+KH)(B2+2C+KH)H+1/ 3K2H3
10、式中：V=挖土方体积(立方米)；H=地坑深虔度米)；B1=基础长度(米)B2=基础宽度(米)C=工作面宽度(米)K=坡度系数1/3K2H3=角锥体体积。 (2)挖圆形地坑放坡算式：V=1/3H(R12+R22+RlR2)式中：V一挖土体积(立方米)H地坑深度(米)R1一坑底半径(米)R2一坑上口半径，R2=R1十KH(米)K一坡度系数土方放坡计算公式土石方工程一、人工平整场地: S=S底+2*L外+16二、挖沟槽:1.垫层底部放坡:V=L*(a+2c+kH)*H 2. 垫层表面放坡V=L*(a+2c+KH1)H1+(a+2c)H2三、挖基坑(放坡) 方形: V=( a+2c+KH)*( b+2
11、c+KH)*H+1/3*K2H3 圆形: V=/3*h*(R2+Rr+r2)放坡系数类别放坡起点人工挖土机械挖土坑内作业坑上作业一、二类别1.201：0.51：0.331：0.75三类土1.501：0.331：0.251：0.67四类土2.001：0.251:0.101：0.33承台计算公式1. 【AB+ab+(A+a)(B+b)】*h2/6+ABh11.基坑土方量计算挖基坑多用于需全部大开挖的满堂基础、独立基础、设备基础等土方工程。 (1) 四面放坡基坑土方量计算基坑土方量的计算可近似地按棱柱体(即上下底为两个平行的平面，所有的顶点都在两个平行平面上的多面体)体积公式计算。V=(16)H(A
12、1+4A0+A2) (1) 式中V四面放坡基坑土方量(体积)(m3);H基坑深度(m);A1、A2基坑上、下底面积(m2);A0基坑中截面(12)H处)面积(m2)。(2)圆形放坡基坑土方量计算 圆形放坡基坑土方量按下式计算。V=(13)H (R21+R1R2+R22) (2)式中 V 圆形放坡基坑土方量(体积)(m3);R1、R2圆形基坑上、下底半径(m);3.14;H基坑深度(m)。2.基槽土方量计算多用于建筑物的条形基础、渠道、管沟等土方工程量。基槽土方量计算，可沿其长度方向分段进行计算，各段土方量之和，即为总土方量。如该段内基槽横截面形状、尺寸不变时，其土方量即为该段横截面面积乘以该段
13、基槽长度，一般两边放坡按下式计算V=H(B+mH)L (3)式中V两边放坡基槽该段土方量(体积)(m3);H基槽深度(m);B基槽槽底宽度(m);L该段基槽长度(m);m坡度系数，m= C/H，当m=0，则表示基槽垂直开挖不放坡;C基槽一边坡底宽(m)。如该段内横截面的形状、尺寸有变化时，也可近似地用棱柱体的体积公式按下式计算。Vi=(16)Li(Ai1+4Aoi+Ai2)(4)式中Vi基槽该段土方量(体积)(m3);Li该段基槽长度(m);Ai1、Ai2该段基槽两端横截面面积(m2);Aoi该段基槽中截面(1/2Li)面积(m2)。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulg
14、ated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The t
15、wo regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw t
16、he party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental
17、 principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and r
18、evised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the wh
19、ole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus
20、on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years c
21、omprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly admini
22、stering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no auton
23、omy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of coun
24、ty-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive
25、 strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority
26、of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, re
27、ally put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attac
28、hes great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commissio
29、n for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the dir
30、ection, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly
31、 responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (auto
32、nomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspecti
33、on of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On Octo
34、ber 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eigh
35、teen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the c
36、urrent, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining
37、the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Sessio
38、n of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party con
39、stitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing th
40、e party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focus
41、ing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party disc
42、ipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the m
43、ain problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit
44、 against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhe
45、re to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communist
46、s noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendm