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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流工程常用建筑墙体材料及性能.精品文档.目前一般建筑工程所用的墙体材料有砖，砌块和板材三大类。一、砖1、烧结普通砖 凡通过焙烧而得的普通砖，称为烧结普通砖。氧化气氛下可得红砖，还原气氛下可得青砖。 目前主要是粘土砖，但粘土砖耗用大量农田，且生产中会逸放氟、硫等有害气体，能耗高，需限制生产，并逐步淘汰，不少城市已经禁止使用。 按主要原料分为粘土砖（N）、页岩砖（Y）、煤矸砖（M）和粉煤灰砖（F）。按照GB/T 5101-1998烧结普通砖的规定，根据抗压强度可分为MU30、MU25、MU20、MU15、MU10五个强度等级；且强度和抗风化性能合格
2、的砖，根据尺寸偏差、外观质量、泛霜和石灰爆裂等项指标划分为三个等级：优等品（A）、一等品（B）和合格品（C）。烧结普通砖具有自重大、体积小、生产能耗高和施工效率低等缺点。泛霜是指粘土原料中的可溶性盐类，随着砖内水分蒸发而在砖表面产生的盐析现象，一般在砖表面形成絮团状斑点的白色粉末。轻微泛霜就能对清水墙建筑外观产生较大的影响。中等程度泛霜的砖用于建筑中的潮湿部位时，78年后因盐析结晶膨胀将使砖体的表面产生粉化剥落，在干燥的环境中使用约10年后也将脱落。严重泛霜对建筑结构的破坏性更大。优等品无泛霜；一等品不允许出现中等泛霜；合格品不允许出现严重泛霜。当生产粘土砖的原料含有石灰石时，则焙烧砖时石灰石
3、会煅烧成生石灰留在砖内，这时的生石灰为过烧生石灰，这些生石灰在砖内会吸收外界的水分，消化并产生体积膨胀，导致砖发生膨胀性破坏，这种现象称为石灰爆裂。优等品不允许出现最大破坏尺寸大于2 mm的爆裂区域；合格品不允许出现最大破坏尺寸大于15 mm的爆裂区域。砖的产品标记按照产品名称、品种、强度等级和标准编号的顺序写出。例如，页岩砖、强度等级MU15、优等品，则其标记应写为：烧结普通砖 Y MU15 A GB/T 5101各强度等级的砖应符合表5-1的规定。标准尺寸为2 400 mm115 mm53 mm。优等品可砌筑清水墙和墙体装饰；一等品、合格品可用于混水墙。中等泛霜的砖不得用于处于潮湿工程部位
4、。 烧结普通砖的盐析现象砖内可溶性盐，如硫酸钠等在砖的使用过程中的盐析现象称为泛霜。这些可溶性盐受潮吸水溶解后，随水份蒸发向砖表面迁移，并在过饱和下结晶析出，产生膨胀，从而使砖表面结构疏松，导致砖的强度降低。泛霜还会导致砖面与砂浆抹面层剥离。2、蒸压灰砂砖 蒸养（压）砖属于硅酸盐制品，是以石灰和含硅原料（砂、粉煤灰、炉渣、矿渣、煤矸石）加水拌合，经成型、蒸养（压）而制成。目前使用的主要有：粉煤灰砖、灰砂砖、炉渣砖。 (1) 蒸压灰砂砖性能GB 119451999蒸压灰砂砖中规定，蒸压灰砂砖是指石灰和砂为主要原料，允许掺入颜料和外加剂，经配料制备，压制成型、蒸压养护而成的实心灰砂砖。按砖颜色分为
5、彩色的（Co）、本色的（N）。砖合格尺寸240 mm115 mm53 mm。强度等级根据抗压强度和抗折强度分为MU25，MU20、MU15、MU10四个等级。质量等级根据尺寸偏差和外观质量，强度及抗冻性分为优等品（A）、一等品（B）和合格品（C）。(2) 蒸压灰砂砖应用GB 119451999蒸压灰砂砖规定MU15、MU20、MU25蒸压灰砂砖可用于基础及其他建筑；MU10的蒸压灰砂砖仅可用于防潮层以上的建筑。灰砂砖不得用于长期受热200以上，受急冷急热和有机酸性介质侵蚀的建筑部位。 3、 烧结空心砖 烧结空心砖是以粘土页岩或煤矸石为主要原料经焙烧而成的顶面有孔洞的砖，孔的尺寸大而数量少，孔洞
6、为矩形条孔或其他条孔，其孔洞率大于40%，由于承压面与孔洞平行，使用时大面承压，用于非承重部位。GB 1354592烧结空心砖和空心砖块把空心砖分为优等品（A）、一等品（B）和合格品三个产品等级。烧结空心砖自重较轻，强度较低。 空心砖有290*190*90mm和240*180*115mm两种规格。4 、烧结多孔砖烧结多孔砖是以粘土页岩或煤矸石为主要原料经焙烧而成主要用于承重部位的多孔砖。主要原料与烧结空心砖相同，但为大面有孔洞的砖，孔的尺寸小而数量多，其孔洞率不小于15，用于承重部位。使用时孔洞垂直于承压面。二、砌块 砌块是砌筑用的人造块材。砌块系列中主规格的长度、宽度或高度有一项或一项以上分
7、别大于365 mm、240 mm或115 mm。但高度不大于长度或宽度的六倍，长度不超过高度的三倍。砌块按其尺寸规格分为小型砌块、中型砌块和大型砌块；按用途分为承重砌块和非承重砌块；按孔洞设置状况分为空心砌块（空心率25）和实心砌块（空心率25）。1、 蒸压加气混凝土砌块凡以钙质材料或硅质材料为基本的原料，以铝粉等为发气剂，经过切割、蒸压养护等工艺制成的，多孔、块状墙体材料称蒸压加气混凝土砌块。蒸压加气混凝土砌块的特性为多孔轻质、保温隔热性能好、加工性能好，但其干缩较大。使用不当，墙体会产生裂纹。(1) 粘土砖与加气混凝土砌块吸水率的比较 将粘土砖与加气混凝土砌块分别在水中浸泡2 min后，再
8、分别敲开，观察新断面中孔的大小、形状分布及水渗入的程度 粘土砖吸水 加气混凝土砌块吸水 从新断面可见，水已渗入实心粘土砖内部，而仅渗入加气混凝土砌块表面。之所以有这样的差异，是其孔结构不同造成的。加气混凝土砌块为多孔结构，其孔是封闭的、不连通的小孔，故水难以渗入到其内部。实心粘土砖虽也是多孔结构，但其孔径大，且有大量连通孔存在。封闭不连通的小孔可以有效的阻止水的渗透；孔径大且存在连通孔则为水的渗透提供了条件。(2)蒸压加气混凝土砌块砌体裂缝某工程用蒸压加气混凝土砌块砌筑外墙，该蒸压加气混凝土砌块出釜一周后即砌筑，工程完工一个月后墙体出现裂纹， 该外墙属于框架结构的非承重墙，所用的蒸压加气混凝土
9、砌块出釜仅一周，其收缩率仍较大，在砌筑完工干燥过程中继续产生收缩，墙体在沿着砌块与砌块交接处就会产生裂缝。(3) 顶层墙体开裂 某四层砖混结构的平屋面住宅在竣工两年后，在顶层墙体出现正八字裂缝。 由于平屋面和墙体所受高温和太阳辐射不同，温度差异大，如有的地区夏季屋面上表面最高温度可达50，而顶层内墙体的平均最高温度仅为30左右。其它各层楼板和墙体的温度逐层降低。为此，建筑物的变形出现明显差异，其中层盖顶板与墙体的变形差异最大，顶板对墙体产生水平推力，导致墙体开裂，形成八字缝。需要说明的是，在屋面上设通风隔热层，可大大减少顶板与墙体温差，对防止墙体开裂有利。屋面板表面的保温防水材料宜用浅色材料，
10、减少吸收辐射热。 2、 普通混凝土小型空心砌块普通混凝土小型空心砌块是以水泥、砂、碎石和砾石为原料，加水搅拌、振动加压或冲击成型，再经养护制成的一种墙体材料，其空心率不小于25。普通混凝土小型空心砌块可用于多层建筑的内外墙。3、其他砌块常用的建筑砌块还有轻集料混凝土小型空心砌块、粉煤灰砌块、粉煤灰小型空心砌块、石膏砌块等。4、新型墙体材料的发展 砌体材料主要用于砌筑墙体。墙体材料的改革是一个重要而难度大的问题，发展新型墙体材料不仅是取代实心粘土砖的问题，首要是保护环境、节约资源、能源。另外是满足建筑结构体系的发展，包括抗震以及多功能。还有是给传统建筑行业带来变革性新工艺，摆脱人海式施工，采用工
11、厂化、现代化、集约化施工。新型墙体材料正朝着大型化、轻质化、节能化、利废化、复合化、装饰化以及集约化等方面发展。墙体材料除砖与砌块外，还有墙用板材。三、常用的墙用板材 常用的墙用板材有多种：石膏空心条板、纸面石膏板、金属面硬质聚氨酯夹芯板、玻璃纤维增强水泥板和钢丝网架水泥聚苯乙烯夹芯板等。1、玻璃纤维增强水泥复合板（简称GRC墙板）玻璃纤维增强水泥复合板是以低碱水泥和硫酸盐早强水泥为胶结料，耐碱（或抗碱）玻璃纤维作增强材料，填充保温心材，如水泥珍珠岩、岩棉等，经成型、养护而成的一种轻质复合板材。GRC墙板的主要特点是轻质、高强、韧性好、加工简易、施工方便。但其中一些GRC板会在接缝处开裂，影响
12、了其推广应用。2、钢丝网架水泥聚苯乙烯夹芯板钢丝网架水泥聚苯乙烯夹芯板由三维空间焊接钢丝网架和内填阻燃型聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板条（或整板）构成的网架芯板称为钢丝网架聚苯乙烯夹芯板（简称GJ板）。在GJ板两面分别喷抹水泥砂浆后形成的构件称为钢丝网架水泥聚苯乙烯夹芯板（简称GSJ板）。 四、常见问题1多孔砖与空心砖有何异同？解答： 两种砖孔洞率要求均为等于或大于15； 多孔砖孔的尺寸小而数量多，空心砖孔的尺寸大而数量小； 多孔砖常用于承重部位，空心砖常用于非承重部位。2在加气混凝土砌块砌筑的墙上浇一次水后马上抹砂浆层，为什么砂浆容易出现干裂或空鼓？解答：加气混凝土砌块的气孔大部分是“墨水瓶”结构，只有
13、小部分是水分蒸发形成的毛细孔，肚大口小，毛细管作用较差，故吸水导热缓慢。烧结普通砖淋水后易吸足水，而加气混凝土表面浇水不少，实则吸水不多。用一般的砂浆抹灰易被加气混凝土吸去水分，而易产生干裂或空鼓。故可分多次浇水，且采用保水性好、粘结强度高的砂浆。3为什么轻集料混凝土小型空心砌块用于墙体时要设置伸缩缝？解答：这是由于轻集料混凝土小型空心砌块的温度变形和干缩变形大于烧结普通砖，为防裂缝，可根据具体情况设置伸缩缝，在必要的部位增加构造钢筋。4、未烧透的欠火砖为何不宜用于地下？解答：未烧透的欠火砖颜色浅，其特点是强度低，且孔隙大，吸水率高，当用于地下，吸较多的水后强度进一步下降。故不宜用于地下。 （
14、英文版 ） easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the and , lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulation
15、s for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management, strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the c
16、oncentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the and is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party d
17、iscipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set
18、an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with and . To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of concept, and consciously safe
19、guard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement , do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision;
20、 to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, ther
21、e are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life te
22、ach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background
23、of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there i
24、s no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is
25、the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores
26、and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Dont always take everything back to things, and dont get into a blind alley, dont want to face, dont be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of o
27、pen-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, Im afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell dont 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you
28、will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything ove
29、r to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain,
30、 no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth,Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, ever
31、ything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open ones mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also dont env
32、y who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, ho
33、w uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, maam, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into
34、 one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, dont envy him A sum of, dont lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and t
35、hings. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also cant let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to
36、go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years tim
37、e to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A mur
38、ky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but n
39、ot unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of liv
40、e, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will
41、be disappointed; to be alive, you will have trouble. Life is the most afraid of what all want to care about, but also what all grasp is not firm, without scenery, separated populations, such as not to desire, all docked in the fate of the end. Why is too rigid, the natural, to go stay not to live, l
42、et go of obsession, revel is 20, if the fate of the broken Hopes of sailing, please dont despair, the coast is still, if the fate of the withered petals of the beautiful, please do not sink, the spring is still, life will always be endless trouble, please dont helpless, because they are still alive,
43、 is still a dream, the sun still, we still. Lost, keep memories; to get, must work to; but the most important is good to cherish their own. 21, life, select the complex, is to choose the pain; choose a simple, is choose to be happy. The complex world like aSignificance of pride. Hope is the ornate p
44、alace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful hear
45、t, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Dont miss to regret, dont wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life co
46、uld not Yimapingchuan, even flat pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the
47、 heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Dont demand, do to; life is
48、a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness