简明高考英语语法知识总结附练习答案.docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -语法学问1 句子结构1.句子结构:主+谓+宾 /主+谓 /谓+宾一个句子中 只能有一个谓语。假如一个句子含有两个及以上谓语确定就是 错的句子, 自己写作时需谨记。阅读时,分析难句可从谓语入手,由于它只有一个,好找。从句也是句子, 所以可包含谓语,但它是属于从句的谓语,与主句不同谓语不同,也就是说主句中的谓语仍是仅有一个。2.主语的引导词不能省,宾语的可以省。2 非谓语动词包括 不定式、动名词、分词现在分词和过去分词和独立主格 。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语 外, 可以 承担句子的 其他成分 。1 不定式1

2、) 一般式。同时发生或将要发生。 He seems to know this .(同时) I hope to see you again.(将要)2) 完成式。已经发生。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (发生在sorry 之前)He seems to have caught a cold.(发生在seems之前)3) 进行式。正在进行。He seems to be eating something.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页 - - -

3、 - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -4) 完成进行式。已经发生且始终进行He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.1.1 不定式做表语表将来,用于 命令、要求 等。You are always to knock before you enter my room.2 动名词动名词格式:动词原形+ing 动名词和现在分词区分: 1)现在分词作定语、表语、状语。起形容词、副词作用。有时也用在复合结构中。不能做主语,一看到是主语成分,

4、必定是动名词。一般可翻译成“ 的”的意思。2)动名词作主语、宾语、表语。起名词作用。单独用或动名词短语。表示抽象的一般行为。3 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词:动词原形+ing 。过去分词:动词原形+ed。现在分词表主动 ,过去分词表 被动 。详细方式参见上文动名词中的“动名词和现在分词区分”。过去分词和过去式区分:过去分词充当副词、形容词,是非谓语。过去式充当动词,是谓语。 过 去 分 词 : Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention,the plants could

5、 grow better. 过去式: The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -4 独立主格Yet, the case Schwartz makes for a correlation between our emotional state

6、and what he calls the“ tyranny of choice” is compelling, the implication dist.urbing分析: 1)后置定语。 2)独立主格结构翻译: Schwartz 用事例说明感情状态和他所说的“残酷的挑选 ”之间的相关性, 然而这个事例是令人震动的,其含义是令人烦扰的。3名词 /代词与后面的词是主谓关系4疑问句分为:一般、特别、挑选和反意疑问句。1 一般疑问句“你是吗.” ,你“做了吗 .”。一、把 be 动词、情态动词、助动词do 调到句首。陈述句 :They are in the swimming pool.一般疑问句

7、:Are they in the swimming pool.陈述句 :He can drive a car.一般疑问句 : Can he drive a car.一般动词 的一般疑问句 ,也要 借助助动词do/does,第三人称单数用does,其余人称用do。其句型为 :Do/Does +主语+ 动词原形 +其它。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - -

8、- - -陈述句 :Tommy has a computer.一般疑问句 :Dose Tommy have a computer.陈述句 :Amy speaks English.一般疑问句 :Does Amy speak English.2 特别疑问句以特别疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问 的句子叫 特别 疑问句。常用的疑问词有:(代词) what 、who 、 whose 、which、(副词) when 、where 、how、why 等。有以下两种格式:1)疑问词作主语或主语的定语。语序是陈述句。 Who is singing in the room whose bike is broke

9、n 2)其他成分。 语序是: 特别疑问词 +一般疑问句 【 be/助动词 / 情态动词 +主语 +谓语( +其他)】 What class are you in What does she look like 3 挑选疑问句以一般疑问句为基础,增加多个可选的答案。Would you like a gin , or a whisky , or a beer.4 反意疑问句它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证明。有两种格式。1)陈述部分确定句+疑问部分否定句(可记为前肯后否).例: They work hard, dont they.Lets go to the supermarket ,sh

10、all we.2)陈述部分否定句+疑问部分确定句(可记为前否后肯).例: You didnt go, did you.5 虚拟语气英语中有三种不同的语气:陈述 语气, 祈使 语气和 虚拟 语气。虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反 ,表 可能或不行能发生的情形。1条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句 中虚拟语气的形式时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式 be 用 were可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could +动词原形可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结现在动词

11、过去式 be 用 werewould / should / might / could +动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / couldhave + 动词 过去分词举例:(1) 将来。如:If he should go to Qing Hua University, hewould make full use of his time.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总

12、结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.(2) 现在。如:If he were free, he would help us.If he studied at this school, he would know you well.(3) 过去。如:If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.须留意问题:(1) 主从句动作 不同时发生 。从句与过去相反,主句与现在或将来相反。如:If I had w

13、orked hard at school, Iwould be an engineer, too.从句与现在相反,主句与过去相反。如:If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.(2) 当虚拟 条件 句的谓语含有were, should, had 时,if 可省略 ,而将 were, should, had 等词置于 句首 。如:原句: if she were here, she would agree with us.省略句: Were she here, shewould agree with us.(3) 须通过 上下

14、文 来判定。如:I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, wewould be working now.(4) 主从句可以 省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的剧烈感情 。 省略从句。 He would have finished it. 省略主句。 If I were at home now.2. 目的状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest引导的 目的状语 从句中, 如用虚拟语气时, 从句谓语为:should + 动词原形。并且should不能省略。She e

15、xamined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.(2) 在 so that, in order that所引导的 目的状语 从句中,从句中的谓语为: can / may / could/ might / will / would / should +动词原形。如:He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.3. 让步状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在 even if, even though所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if所

16、引导的条件从句结构相同。如:Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.(2) 在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter what等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为: may + 动词原形 指现在或将来 。如:We will finish it on time no matter what / whatevermay happen. may + 完成式 指过去 ,主句结构不限。如:You mustn t be p

17、roud whatever / no matter what greatropgress you may have made.(3) 在 though, although 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为should +动词原形, 主句结构不限。如:Although / Though heshould often be late, he is a good student.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳

18、总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -4. 缘由状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为: should +动词 原形指现在或将来 。如:He was angry that you should call him by name. should +完成式 , 指过去 。如:I m very sorry that

19、 youshould have failed the exam.5. 表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气含有恳求、命令、建议等名词 advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 时,在表语从句或同位语从句中, 须用虚拟语气。结构为: should + 动词原形。如:We followed his advice that weshould ask our teacher for help. He tol

20、d us his idea that he should go to university.6倒装和省略表强调。包括部分倒装和完全倒装。完全倒装,即全部谓语置于主语前。部分倒装,即部分帮助词谓语 置于主语前。例:1.完全倒装1. There was a drop in the temperature.原句: temperature was drop.2. Out rushed a young lady.原句: A young lady out rushed.3. There is no universally accepted definition of what a developing c

21、ountry is; neither is there one of what constitutes the process of economic development. one:指代 universally accepted definition ,普遍接受的定义4. In the human species individualsare equipped withfewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species.the case:指代 individuals are equipped with instincts,个体

22、装载着本能。5. A make better B than do Cdo C:倒转,正常为:C make B,其中 do 为省略指代make B6. Withmarriage come instructionand admonition,appropriatetothe occasion, fromelder relatives and, int more advanced cultures, from priests.主语: instruction and admonition.指导和忠告谓语: come宾语: with marriage.用倒装,是为了强调with marriage.可编辑

23、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -appropriate:形容词当状语1)from elder relatives and, int more advanced cultures :插入语 , 2 from priests.2. 部分倒装Only in this way can you solve this problem.原句: In this

24、 way you can solve this problem. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.原句: After I got home it began to rain sooner.3. 省略1. Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated.省略: if it is not treated.12定语从句A Boston police officer who was shot in the face by

25、 a man during a traffic stop was improvingafter hours of surgery during which a bullet was removed from his neck, officials said on Sunday.during 修 饰 hourswhich 修 饰 surgery11 As 用法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结

26、归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -4) Yet, tempting as it is to blow the Buffet billions on bolstering these programs, research also has a claim on the pot.解析:5) Nermeroff found that people draw the germs of their lovers as less scary-looking than those of enemies, and they say those germs would make them le

27、ss ill.解析:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -7) not so much . as .与其说,不如说=不是,而是例 1: The distinction between A and B is not so much C as D.A 与 B 的差别与其说是C,不如说是D 。12 主谓一样主语单数、复数,谓语也要对应的单数、复数形式

28、。1)常规型She is beautiful. They are workers.2)两个并列主语,谓语要用复数:He and She are going inside.但是,假如并列的主语表示一个整体概念时,谓语就用单数:Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.Bread and butter:表示一个整体概念,抹上奶油的面包。3)介词连接主语with :谓语与前一个一样He with they is going inside.either.or., neither.nor :谓语与后一个一样Either he or They are goi

29、ng inside.as well as:谓语与前一个一样He as well as They is good person. 他和他们一样都是好人。4)集体名词集体名词表示一个集体时,谓语用单数。集体名词表示每个个体时,谓语用复数Police is a honor career.警察是一个光荣的职业。The police are searching for two bandits.警察正在搜查两个匪徒。5)表示 “时间 ”、“金钱”、“距离 ”的名词复数做主语表示 “时间 ”、“金钱 ”、 “距离 ”的名词复数做主语,谓语用单数Five minutes is enough.可编辑资料 - -

30、 - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -15杂项1 情态动词、助动词情态动词、助动词+ V 原形。1)情态动词can could 、may might 、 mustmust 、need、daredared、willwould、shallshould 、haveto、had better。2)助动词( 1) be 类助动词:am, is, was,are, were

31、, be,been, being。( 2) have 类助动词: have, has, had, having 。( 3) will类助动词: will , would , shall, should。( 4) do 类助动词: do,does, did 。2 have been /has been1) have been 与表示职业的 名词连用 ,用来询问或说明某人所从事的职业 。例如:Have you ever been a teacher .你曾经当过老师吗?2) have been 后接 形容词 ,表示某种行为或状态 。此时和表示时间的短语how long,for或 since 等连用

32、时,就表示这种状态连续的时间。例如:The shop has been open.这家商店营业了。 How long has this factory been open .这家工厂开工多久了? We have been slow to develop the science进展这一学科,我们始终是缓慢的。3)have been 可以和表示 的点的介词 短语连用, 可以表示相当于汉语中的“去过 ”、“来”、“到”、 “在”等不同动词的意思。和how long , for ,since等表示时间的短语连用后,表示这种状态的连续时间。例如:Have you been to Beijing .你去过

33、北京吗?不在北京问)4) have been 可以与 away , back, in, on, out, over 等小品词连用, 相当于一个表示动作动词的现在完成时的用法,表示某种状态 。Tom has been away for a week.汤姆离开(一周)了。5) have been 后接动词的 现在分词 ,为 现在完成进行时He has been working in that factory for five years.他在这工厂工作五年了。(现在是否仍在该工厂工作,视上下文而定。)6) have been +及物动词的过去分词,为现在完成时被动语态的形式,表示一个已完成的被动动

34、作。例如:The moon has been visited by human being already.月亮已经被人类拜访过了。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -3 could和 can 的区分1、 can 表示现在的才能,could表示过去的才能,例如: He can speak a little English now.She c

35、ould play the piano when she was five.2、在表示恳求许可时,没有时间区分, 在语气上could更加委婉客气, can 的可能性更大,例如:Can I use your pen .Could I have a look at your book .4 同位语 和定语区分同位语 从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等 有肯定内涵的名词。而定语从句的先行词 可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分

36、或是整个主句。定语从句 是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制 ,属于 形容词性 从句的范畴 ; 而同位语从句是从句对前面 抽象名词 的进一步的说明和说明 , 与先行词同义 ,属于 名词性 从句的范畴。有些引导词如how, whether, what 可以引导 同位语 从句 ,但不能引导 定语 从句。例:The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody同位语从句。( that 只起连接作用)The fact that /which we talked about is very important定语从句。 ( that 在从句

37、中作about 的宾语 )5 which 与 that 区分1. Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. thatC. what D. whether答案: B2. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street atI thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B. which C. what D. that答案: B3. Luckily,wed brought

38、 a road map without we would have lost our way.A. it B. thatC. this D. which答案: D6 并列句并列连词: and, or, but , so .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -通用结构: A, B, and C 或者A, B and C极少数结构: A, B中

39、间不用连词。7 引述他人说话He said “ I am fine. ”. He said, “ I am fine. ” “ I am fine. ” , He said.8 日期表示突尼斯时间2021 年 3 月 18 日星期三,在突尼斯首都发生爆炸案。There was a bomb attack in Tunisias capital , Wednesday, March 18, 2021 in Tunis.英语日期格式:1) 月日 ,年2) 星期,月日 ,年 小的方,大的方,星期,月日,年:in Lausanne, Switzerland, Thursday, March 19 ,

40、2021.9.名词复数一般加 s,es,少数的自身单词发生变化:man-men, foot-feet抽象名词,复数为本身,只有转为详细对象时才要加s 或 es16难句解析1可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1The presidentdecsision a year ago to allow research on already existingstem cell lines was可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结portrayed as a reasonable compromisebetween scientistneedss forcells to wor

41、kwith,andconcerns that this kindof research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and a general contempt for human life.解析: The presidentdescision 【 a year ago to allow research on already existing stem celllines】 was portrayed 【as a reasonablecompromise b

42、etween 1 scientist s nefoerdscells , and 2concerns that this kind of research could lead to 1wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and 2a general contempt for human life. 】主干句:总统的打算被描述为一个合理的折衷。绽开:一方面科学家需要利用细胞进行讨论,另一方面这种讨论又会导致大批量的人类胚胎、克隆婴儿被随便制造和毁灭,甚至进展成为对人类生命的普遍藐视。基于以上两方面的折衷考虑,总统于一年前做了打算,答应已经存在的干细胞系的讨论。语法详析:a year ago:时间状语

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