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1、2021 年 6 月大学英语四级真题及答案(三)Part IWriting(30 minutes)(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该局部，之后将进展听力考试)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell some of the course books you used at college. Your advertisement may include a brief description of their conten
2、t,their condition ,their price and your contact information. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.Part IIListening Comprehension(25 minutes) 说明：2021 年 6 月大学英语四级考试全国共考了两套听力.本套的听力内容与第二套一样，因此本套听力局部不再重复给出。Part Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section
3、, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice inthe bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding l
4、etter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your mus
5、cles, but also your eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can stimulate them again. During (26)exercise, our muscles tire as they run out of fuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a (27)called central fatigue, in which an imbalance inthe bodys chemical messengers
6、prevents the central nervous system from directing muscle mo28). It was not known, however, whether central fatigue might also affect motor systems not directly (29)in the exercise itself, such as those that move the eyes. To find out, researchers gave 11 volunteer cyclists a carbohydrate (碳水化合物的(30
7、)either with a moderate dose of caffeine (咖啡因)，which is known to stimulate the central nervous system, or as aplacebo (抚慰剂without, during 3 hours of (31). After exercising, the scientists tested the cyclists with eye- tracking cameras to see how well their brains could still (32)their visual system.
8、 The team found that exercise reduced the speed of rapid eye movements by about 8%, (33)their ability to capturenew visual information. The caffeine, the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee, was (34)to reverse this effect, with some cyclists even displaying (35)eye movement speeds. So it might b
9、e a good idea to get someone else to drive you home after that marathon.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。A) cautiouslyB) commitC) controlD) cyclingSection BE) effectivelyI) phenomenonM) solutionF)increasedJ) preventingN) sufficientG) involvedK) sensitiveO) vigorousH) limitedL) slowingDirections: In this section,
10、 you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the question
11、s by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet .2Team spiritA Teams have become the basic building blocks of organizations. Recruitment advertisements routinely call for “team players . Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock
12、 down walls to encourage team building. Teams are as old as civilization, of course: even Jesus had 12 co-workers. But a new report by Deloitte, “Global Human Capital Trends, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executives in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork hasreached a ne
13、w high. Almost half of those surveyed said their companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on (开场it; and for the most part, restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.B Companies are abandoning conventional functional departments and organising employees intocro
14、ss-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products, problems or customers. These teams are gaining more power to run their own affairs. They are also spending more time working with each other rather than reporting upwards. Deloitte argues that a new organisational form is on the rise: a networ
15、k of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级体制).C The fashion for teams is driven by a sense that the old way of organising people is too rigid forboth the modem marketplace and the expectations of employees. Technological innovation places greater value on agility (灵敏性).John Chambers, cha
16、irman of Cisco Systems Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions (过渡)，not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two. Digital technology also makes it easier for people to co-ordinate their acti
17、vities without resorting to hierarch y. The “millennials (千禧一代) who will soon make up half the workforce in rich countries were raised from nursery school onwards to work in groups.D The fashion for teams is also spreading from the usual corporate suspects (such as GE and IBM) to some more unusual o
18、nes. The Cleveland Clinic, a hospital operator, has reorganised its medical staff into teams to focus on particular treatment areas; consultants, nurses and others collaborate closely instead of being separated byspeciality (专业)and rank. The USArmy has gone the same way.In his book, “Team of Teams G
19、eneral Stanley McChrystal describes how the armys hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of the Iraq war. His solution was to learn something fromthe insurgents it was fighting: decentralise authority to self-organising teams.E A good rule of thumb is that as soon as
20、generals and hospital administrators jump on a management bandwagon, it is time to ask questions. Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, Teams are not always the answerteams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently can
21、not; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making. The late Richard Hackman of Harvard University onceargued, “I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic,producing something extraordinary. But dont count on it.F Hackman
22、 (who died in 2021) noted that teams are hampered by problems of co-ordination and motivation that chip away at the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered. Groupthink may be unavoidable. In a study of 120 teams of senior executives
23、, he discovered that less than 10% of their supposed members agreed on who exactly was on the team. If it is hard enough to define a teams membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.G Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members hav
24、e a strong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: Americas National Transportation Safety Board found that 73% of the incidents in its civil-aviation database occurred on
25、a crews first day of flying together. However, as Amy Edmondson of Harvard points out, organisations increasingly use “team as a verb rather than a noun: they form teams for specific purposes and then quickly disband them.H The least that can be concluded from this research is that companies need to
26、 think harder about managing teams. They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism (感情用事)：the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action. They need to keep teams small and focused: giving in to pressure to be more “inclusive is a guarantee o
27、f dysfunction. Jeff Bezos, Amazons boss, says that “If I see more than two pizzas for lunch, the team is too big. They need to immunize teams against group- think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain “ deviants (离经叛道者who are willing to do something that maybe upsetting to others.I A new study
28、of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged is to give them more control over where and how they do their workwhich may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with o
29、thers.J However, organisations need to learn something bigger than how to manage teams better: they need to be in the habit of asking themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Teambuilding skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports that only 12% of the executives they contacted feel
30、 they understand the way people work together in networks and only 21% feel confident in their ability to build cross-functional teams. Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distractionemployees routinely complain that they cant get their work done because they are forced to spend too much tim
31、e in meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices. Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.37. Decentralisation of auth
32、ority was also found to be more effective in military operations.38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same
33、culture.41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the teams purpose.43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.4
34、4. To ensure employees commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statemen
35、ts. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You shoulddecide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheetthe centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.w2 ith a single line throughThe Shoppers in the UK are spending less
36、money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown.Penny-pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion in 2021 to 1.1
37、2 billion in 2021 ,according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion in 2021.In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the numbe
38、r of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 in 2021 to 41 in 2021 .Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper including facial tissue and kitchen rollto save money. “Strength，softness a
39、nd thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns of perfume,said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shopper
40、s, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.While consumers are spending less on t oilet paper, they remain fussyin theory at least when itcomes to paper quality. Top of Britons toilet paper wish list is so
41、ftness (57%) followed by strength (45%)and thickness (36%).One in 10 buyers rand toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of
42、paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。46. The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because.A) Britons have cut their spending on itB) its prices have gone up over the yearsC) its qualit
43、y has seen marked improvementD) Britons have developed the habit of saving47. What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK?A) It will expend in time.B) It will remain gloomy.C) It will experience ups and downs.D) It will recover as population grows.48. What does Jack
44、 Duckett say about toilet paper?A) Special offers would promote its sales.B) Consumers are loyal to certain brands.C) Luxurious features add much to the price.D) Consumers have a variety to choose from.49. What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper?A) They are particular about the qualit
45、y of toilet paper.B) They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most.C) They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper.D) They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features.50. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) More and more Britons buy recycled toiler paper to protect
46、 the environment.B) Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales.C) Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve product quality.D) Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are ba
47、sed on the following passage.“One of the reasons I find this topic very interesting is because my mom was a smoker when I wasyounger， says Lindson-Hawley, who studies tobacco and health at the University of Oxford.By studying about 700 adult smokers, she found out that her mom quit the right wayby s
48、topping abruptly and completely.In her study, participants were randomly (随机地assigned to two groups. One had to quit abruptlyon a given day, going from about a pack a day to zero. The other cut down gradually over the course of two weeks. People in both groups used nicotine (尼古丁patches before they quit, in addition to a second form of nicotine replacement, like gum or spray. They also had talk therapy with a nurse before and after quit day.Six months out, more people