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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 抖动和眼图的视觉化分析 什么是抖动？TIE 为信号相对于标准时钟或者标准信号的定时误差TIE 在高速数字系统中即为抖动抖动为实际数据与其理想位置的时间偏差0.0ns 0.990ns 2.000ns 2.980ns 4.000ns-0.010ns 0.000ns -0.020ns TIE 0.000ns 什么是眼图？眼图是怎么形成的？ Random Jitter(随机抖动随机抖动符合高斯型分布直方图(估计 pdf(数学模型 抖动峰峰值=无穷大无界！内部热能现象Flicker Noise, Shot Noise热能的原子与分子振动分子的解体外部的宇宙射线 Determi
2、nistic Jitter(确定性抖动 确定性抖动是非高斯分布并且有界 Periodic Jitter(周期性抖动 TIE 随时间的变化是重复的、周期性的Periodic jitter和相位调制(PM是等效的系统时钟（抖动频率在MHz 量级）开关电源（抖动频率在KHz 量级） Duty Cycle distortion(占空比失真上升时间和下降时间不对称或者测试时参考电平选择不当0.0v Inter-Symbol Interference(码间干扰抖动DDJ 或PDJ 数据相关性抖动或码型相关性抖动, 和ISI 的术语是等价的.码型是如何影响随后的比特位的？由于传输链路的效应、反射等 换个角度
3、看抖动，时域 看看我们有了什么视角？ 7/7/201611抖动视觉化时间趋势图直方图告诉了我们分布，但是只有统计特性，缺少了时间信息时间趋势图可以直观告诉我们波形里是否有特定频率的调制下图为5个周期 SSC 30khz 抖动视觉化 Gaussian Random Noise Sinusoidal Jitter7/7/ 7/7/201613抖动视觉化频谱图从频域上观测抖动 抖动中决定性的频率成分会在谱线上明显超出噪底 哪个眼图好？哪个直方图好？视觉化眼图和抖动的问题？ 浴盆曲线误码率是关键vs. UI张开程度For a given position in the time theres a gi
4、ven probability of error “BER ”, Bit Error Ratio1 UI 基于示波器分析的浴盆曲线Rj /Dj与Tj BERAssume bi-modal distribution (dual-Dirac, measure Tj at two BER 抖动类型分析抖动分离为误码产生的根本原因提供了更精确的定位和分析方法抖动分析方法，参照T11 MJSQ，已经被工业界广泛接受Constituent Components of Jitter= Unbounded= Bounded 7/7/Jitter Visualization Bathtub PlotNote t
5、he eye closure of System I vs. System II due to the RJ-RJ is unbounded so the closure increases as BER level increasesSystem I has .053UI of RJ with no PJSystem II has .018UI of RJ and .14UI of PJ 5 and 10MhzSystem ISystem ISystem IISystem II Tektronix -Innovators of Jitter Analysis1998First Real-Ti
6、me Scope Based Jitter Analysis Software2002 Invented SW Based PLL Clock Recovery and the Spectral Approach for Jitter Separation2004Invented RT Eye rendering on a Real Time Scope2004-First vendor to support both modeled (Dual-Dirac and measured (Spectral jitter methods2005-Invented measurements with
7、 Jitter and Noise reconciliation2011-First scope vendor with BUJ support2015RT Noise Analysis and Sampling BER and PDF Mask Testing 抖动和眼图的视觉化眼图怎么切割的？时钟决定！ TIE 抖动需要参考时钟参考时钟提取的过程就是时钟恢复参考时钟有几种确定的方式:Constant Clock with Minimum Mean Squared ErrorThis is the mathematically “ideal” clockBut, only applicabl
8、e when post-processing a finite-length waveformBest for showing very-low-frequency effectsAlso shows very-low-frequency effects of scopes timebasePhase Locked Loop (e.g. Golden PLLTracks low-frequency jitter (e.g. clock driftModels “real world” clock recovery circuits very wellExplicit ClockThe cloc
9、k is not recovered, but is directly probedExplicit Clock (SubrateThe clock is directly probed, but must be multiplied up by some integral factor7/7/201621 Importance of Clock RecoveryFrom spec, “The jitter measurement device shall comply with the JTF”.How do I verify JTF?JTF is difference between in
10、put clock (ref and input clock(unfilteredUse 1100b or 0011b pattern (proper 50% transition densityCheck 1 LF attenuation, 2 -3 dB corner frequency, and 3 slope7/7/JTF vs PLL Loop BandwidthConfiguring the correct PLL settings is key to correctmeasurementsMost standards have a reference/defined CR set
11、upFor example, USB 3.0 uses a Type II with JTF of 4.9MhzType I PLLType I PLL has 20dB of roll off per decadeJTF and PLL Loop Bandwidth are EqualType 2 PLLType II PLL has 40dB of roll off per decadeJTF and PLL Loop Bandwidth are not EqualFor example, USB 3.0 uses a Type 2 PLL with a JTF of 4.9Mhz.The
12、 corresponding loop bandwidth is 10.126 MhzSetting the Loop Bandwidth as opposed to JTF will lead to incorrect jitter measurement results7/7/PLL Loop Bandwidth vs. Jitter Transfer Function (JTFA: Constant Clock Recovery B: PLL Clock Recovery Ratio of B/A7/7/201624 JTF Filtering Effects based on diff
13、erent PLL bandwidths 7/7/201627f 3dB = 30 kHzf 3dB = 300 kHzf 3dB = 3 MHz Jitter for Busy PeopleHints, Tips and Common Errors Using the Jitter Analysis ToolsIssues manifested in different layers of theprotocol stackCrosstalk, jitter, reflections, skewDisparity, encoding or CRC errorsWhere do I start
14、 debugging?Jitter and Eye Diagram ToolsOscilloscope-based for quick resultsFast jitter measurements withOne Button Jitter WizardCompare timing, jitter, eye, amplitude measurementsUser-definable clock recovery, filters, pass/fail limits, and reference levels More Hints for Successful Jitter AnalysisC
15、lock Recovery has a great deal of influence on jitter results. Think about what youre trying to accomplish.Constant-Clock is the most “unbiased”Often best if youre trying to see very-low-frequency effectsBut it can also show wander in the scopes timebasePLL recovery can model what a real data receiv
16、er will seeIt can track and remove low-frequency effects, allowing you to “see through” to the jitter that really contributes to eye closureExplicit-Clock is appropriate if your design uses a forwarded clockMake sure your probes are deskewed Hints for looking at Spread-Spectrum ClockIf you want to s
17、ee the SSC effects, use TIE and PLL clock recovery with a bandwidth of at least 1 MHz. A Type-II (2nd -order PLL will track out the SSC more effectively than a Type-I PLL.want to observe the SSC profile:Use a Period measurement and turn on a 3rd -order low-pass filter(in DPOJET with a bandwidth of 2
18、00 kHzBecause Period trends accentuate high frequency noise, the low-frequency SSC trend will be obscured if you dont use a filter You cant use a Frequency measurement directly. The combination of filtering and the reciprocal operation (Freq = 1/Per cause distortion in the resulting waveshape. (This
19、 is a mathematical fact, not a DPOJET defect.If you use a TIE measurement, youll see modulation that looks like a sine wave. This is normal. Its because TIE measures phase modulation, which is the integral of frequency. It turns out that the integral of a triangle wave looks very much like a sine wa
20、ve. 误码率与噪声分析 Anatomy of a Serial Data LinkComplete LinkChannelAspirational goal: 0 errorsPractical Goal: Bit Error Rate Target BERSince BER is the ultimate goal, why not measure it directly? Serial Data Link Integrity = Bit Error RateBit Error Ratio Testers (BERTs are the tools for measuring BER dir
21、ectlyWhy not use ONLY BERTs for Serial Data Link Analysis?Difficult to model/emulate equalizerMeasurements could take a very long timeInstruments are very expensive and not all that flexibleDoes not analyze the root causes of the impairments of the linksAlternative approach: use a scope and advanced
22、 analysis toolsEasily move from Compliance to DebugBetter equipped to identify root causes of eye closureEqualizer can easily be modeledMore cost effectiveFaster throughput Why Measure Jitter and Noise?Link Model: Transmitter + Channel + ReceiverTransmitter generates a stream of symbolsReceiver uses
23、 a slicer to make a decision on the transmitted symbolThe Bit Decision is made at a certain time (t of the symbol interval and a comparison of the sliced data to a threshold (v is performedJitter impairs the time slicing positionNoise impairs the decision threshold?Jitter combined with Noise Analysi
24、s is a better predictor of BER performance! A Quick Look at Jitter and Noise DualityJitter analysis evaluates a waveform in the horizontal dimension based on when the waveform crosses ahorizontal reference line.Jitter decomposition is based on spectral analysis of Time Interval Error vs. timeIndivid
25、ual jitter components can be separated (i.e. PJ, RJ, DDJ, etc.TJ can then be estimated at a target BER level38Noise evaluates along a vertical dimension on the basis ofcrossings of a vertical reference line at some percentage of the unit interval (usually 50%.Noise decomposition is based on spectral
26、 analysis of voltage error vs. timeIndividual noise components can be separated (i.e. PN, RN, DDN, etc.TN can then be estimated at a target BER level 抖动和噪声的解析Jitter and Noise Decomposition provide deep insight into BER Full Jitter Analysis vs. Mask Testingstatistical eye closure at any other voltage
27、.Conventional mask testing considers both time and voltage , but cannot extrapolate eye closure at low BER. Can we combine the best of both? 41Statistical Jitter + Noise AnalysisBy jointly analyzing Jitter and Noise, behavior at allpoints in the eye can be extrapolated at low BERThe methodology is a
28、nalogous to current jitter analysis, but is performed across both dimensions of the eyeJitter and noise are separated into components (Random, Periodic, Data-Dependent,The components are reassembled into a model that allows accurate extrapolation. 42Timing-Induced JitterSince jitter is defined as a
29、shift in an edges time relative to its expected position, it iseasy to think of jitter as being causedby horizontal (chronological displacement.Note that the displaced edge (green has not moved vertically in this example. 43Noise-Induced JitterConsider a burst of voltage noise (right that displaces
30、a waveform vertically.In this case, the displaced edge (green has not moved horizontally.The jitter as measured at the chosen reference voltage is identical in these cases!So, why should we care? Two fundamentally different effects have caused the same amount of jitter, and44Noise-to-Jitter (AM-to-P
31、M Conversion Since waveform transitions are never instantaneous, the slope (slew rate of the edge acts as a gain constant that controls how effectively noise is converted to“observed jitter”. 45Horizontal and Vertical Components of Random JitterWe can think of RJ as being composed of two components.
32、Horizontally induced: RJ(hVertically induced: RJ(v Since these two components are uncorrelated with each other, they add in theRSS sense:RJ =RJ(h2+RJ(v2Similarly, PJ can be decomposed into PJ(h and PJ(v based on root cause 46Horizontal and Vertical Components of Random NoiseWe measure noise at a ref
33、erence point in the bit interval (usually 50%If slew rate isnt zero, jitter (horizontal displacement causes observed noise So as with RJ, RN can be decomposed into components:Horizontally induced: RN(hVertically induced: RN(vSimilarly, PN can be decomposed into PN(h and PN(v based on root cause Nois
34、e to Jitter and Jitter to Noise ConversionConsider: an “ideal” edge in a patternactually has two impairments:Jitter(h (see the blue traceand Noise(note that both of Jitter and Noise result in jitter on edgeThe Combined response (bottomright includes the jittercaused bynoiseNon-impaired bit edgeWe ca
35、n separate the noisecontribution of jitter for diagnosticpurposes by breaking RJ intoRJ(v and RJ(hDPOJET and 80SJNB are the only tool that will show you this separation, and thus give youan important troubleshooting hint: e.g. is it crosstalk causing trouble, or the clocks? 48Theory: Construction of
36、 the BER EyeConsider a very simple pattern: 7 bit repeatingOverlay multiple segments of the 7-bit pattern. Each one has noise and jitter, so although the bit pattern is clear, they follow many slightly different paths: Average many pattern repeats together. Everything that is uncorrelated with the p
37、attern averages out. What remains is called the correlated waveform.This waveform fully characterizes DDJ, DCD, DDN, ISI all data dependent effects 49Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Part 2The correlated waveform can be snipped into individual bits and overlaid to form an eye diagram, using the r
38、ecovered clock as the alignment reference. This forms the correlated eye: 50Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Part 3Spectral jitter separation is used to find PDFs of the random and periodic jitter.The RJ and PJ PDFs are convolved to find the uncorrelated jitter PDF (red A similar analysis of the
39、noise yields the uncorrelated noise PDF (blue Care must be taken to properly account for AM-to-PM and PM-to-AM conversion in these steps; otherwise some noise or jitter would be double-counted.Two-dimensional convolution is used to create a joint PDF of uncorrelated jitter + noise. (We can call this
40、 the jitter/noise set 51Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Part 4 The jitter/noise set is convolved (two-dimensionally with the correlated eye for the 1 bits to get the overall(correlated + uncorrelated PDF for 1 bits 52Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Part 5 The 1 bit PDF is integrated vertical
41、ly (from bottom to top to get the 1 bit CDF (Cumulative Distribution FunctionIn this color-graded view, each color represents a particular BERlevel 53Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Part 6 A similar treatment for 0 bits yields the 0 bit CDF 54Theory: Construction of the BER Eye Conclusion The 1
42、bit and 0 bit CDFs are added to get the overall “BER Eye”A particular BER contour can be found in the 3D version of this plot by slicing it horizontally, or by extracting a specific color on either versionSince this eye looks rather unconventional, DPOJET extracts theBER contours and then overlays them with the rendered eye.3D ViewColor-Graded View专心-专注-专业