《翻译复习大纲(共11页).doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《翻译复习大纲(共11页).doc(11页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上翻译复习指南:一、词义的选择和引申q 英译汉时,大量的工作是从汉语中选择恰当的词来表达英文中的意思。英国的语言学家Firth说:“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”林语堂针对汉语有过类似的论述:“字义是活的,每每因在文中的用法而变化。”q 翻译时不能拘泥于原词的表面意义,或英汉词典中所给的意义,而要根据上下文悉心揣摩这个词在原文中的特定含义,选择符合汉语习惯的对应词,这是确切忠实地用汉语表达原文的一个基本环节。一、词义的选择和引申1.1 根据词类确定词义 They are as like as tw
2、o peas. 他们相似极了。(形容词)He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals. 小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词)一、词义的选择和引申1.2 根据词的搭配习惯确定词义 英语和汉语词的搭配习惯不同,主要是动词和宾语,形容词和名词的搭配。汉译时需要用汉语的搭配习惯处理。 动词和宾语的搭配 to make a dress 做一件衣服 to make trouble 惹麻烦 to make a fire 生火 to make a living 谋生 形容词
3、和名词的搭配 a strong man 强壮的人;果断(有魄力)的人 a strong case 有力的主张 a strong faith 坚定的信仰 a strong contrast 强烈的对照一、词义的选择和引申1.3 根据词的使用场合确定词义 He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to m
4、eet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。二、增词 译文不能对原文的意思任意增加或减少,这是从事翻译必须遵守的一项基本要求,但并不是说译文在文字上不能有任何增减。有时为了确切、充分地表达原意,或为使译文生动、通顺,符合汉语习惯,往往需要在译文里做必要的文字上的增补或省略。二、增词2.1 根据语义增词根据汉语的表达习惯,增加原文语义上有而形式上无的成分。 With all his achievements he remains modest and prudent. 他虽然取得了很多成就,但还是谦虚谨慎。 Radar is very important to ships on the
5、sea. 对海上航行的船来说,雷达是非常重要的。 A careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 如果你仔细比较一下,就会发现不同之处。(句中主语含有条件意味,故译为汉语的条件句) Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it,partly because it cannot be detected by human senses.核辐射这种现象多少有点神秘,其部分原因是人类器官无法感觉到它的存在。 二、增词2.1 根据语义增词 有些英文句子貌似省略句,实际上什么句子成分也
6、没省,但若直接译成汉语,译文就不清楚,必须按照汉语的习惯表达方法增词。 Which do you like better:grammar or translation exercises? 你喜欢语法练习,还是翻译练习? 英文句中grammar与translation二词共用后面的exercises,这是英语的一种习惯表达方法。但译成汉语时,“语法和翻译”则不能共用“练习”一词,必须在“语法”之后增补“练习”一词。 He has written several articles and books on high-energy physics.他写了几篇文章和几本书,都是关于高能物理的。二、增
7、词2.2 增加原文省略而译文不能省略的词 为了使语言精练,避免没必要的重复,英语行文中经常省略前文曾出现的词,译为汉语时,为了明白表达原意,需要把原文中省略的词补译出来。 Some motions appear to be very simple;others very complicated.有些运动看起来很简单,有些运动看起来则很复杂。 We wont retreat;we never have and will. 我们不后退,我们从来没后退过,将来也决不后退。 As we all know,all matter consists of molecules,and molecules of
8、 atoms. 众所周知,所有的物质都是由分子组成的,而分子则是由原子组成的。二、增词2.3 增加表达时态的词 汉语中没有时态变化,要在译文中反映动作发生时间,就要加时间助词副词。 I was just over sixty when I first saw Yanan in 1946.I had known two great social systems. 我在1946年第一次见到延安的时候,刚满六十岁。在此之前,我就经历了两大社会制度。 We can learn what we did not know. 我们能学会我们原来不懂的东西。 The high-altitude plane w
9、as and still is a remarkable bird. 那种高空飞机过去是,现在仍然是一种很好的飞机。二、增词2.4 增加表示名词复数的词 若名词复数不译会引起误解,或数的多少有强调的必要,或依汉语的习惯需要说明多数,则需要在译文中加词表明。 In spite of difficulties,he succeeded in finishing his task. 尽管困难重重,他成功地完成了任务。 They include silks and colored thread. 它们包括各种丝绸和彩线。 In America, motorcar factories were clos
10、ing down in early 1961. 1961年初,美国的汽车工厂纷纷倒闭。 Foreigners get degrees from Chinese colleges. 一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学位。三、抽象名词的译法3.1 由动词抽象而来的名词译成动词 英语中有名词化的倾向,即用名词表达动作、行为等本来由动词表达的意义。这种词多是动词的同源名词。 The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occ
11、upied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israels right to exist. 1967年的联合国文件呼吁解决中东冲突,其基础是以色列从被占领的土地上撤退,阿拉伯国家则承认以色列人的生存权。 The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable condition of life had promoted them to revolt. 千百万人民日益意识到自己的生活条件不堪忍受,这促使他们起来反抗。三、抽象名词的译法3.2 含有动作意义的抽象名词译成动词 英
12、语中另一个倾向是许多名词有动词意义或动作意义,这类词汇在译成汉语时通常要译为动词。 She said this with a provocative glance and a gleam of teeth. 他说这话时挑衅地看了一眼,还把牙一呲。 One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism. 发言者一个接一个,号召打倒帝国主义。 An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 了解一点世界史,对学习时事
13、有帮助。三、抽象名词的译法3.3 抽象名词作主语汉译时要改变其句子成分 英语中的抽象名词可做各种成分,而且有一个常见的现象是抽象名词作句子的主语。这与汉语的习惯不同,因为汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词作主语,在思维方面往往以“人”为中心,认为只有人才能作出有意识的动作或具有有意识的行为。因而,英文中以抽象名词作主语时,含义是要根据上下文予以改变,使汉语表达以“人”为中心。 The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到还要返回去,心里就害怕。 My shock and embarrassment at finding mother in t
14、ears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understand the pressures on her. 星期三发现妈妈哭了,我感到震惊和窘迫,这说明我对妈妈身上的压力多么不理解。四、被动语态的译法 英语被动语态使用范围很广。当突出所谈论的事物,不需要或无法表明其行为主体时,就使用被动语态,而汉语却很少使用。英语被动语态的句子译成汉语时,往往可以译成主动句,但也有一些可采取相应的形式,译成被动句。 在科技英语中,很多句子使用被动语态,这是有其历史根源的。英美科学工作者认为,科技论文要客观地对待事物,避免主观臆断,因此要避免使用
15、第一、二人称,而要求使用第三人称来叙述科技道理,这就造成广泛使用被动语态。当这类被动句不需要或不可能指出施动者时,一般译成汉语主动式。 四、被动语态的译法4.1 保留原主语,被动改主动 英语的被动句翻译成汉语的主动句时,往往把原文的主语变成译文的宾语,但有的情况仍然用作汉语句子的主语,只是被动式按汉语的习惯变为主动式。 Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto, Canada, for outstanding research. 由于杰出的研究工作,六位医学科学家于1973
16、年荣获了加拿大多伦多的盖尔德纳基金会颁发的奖励。 Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust. 许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而形成的。 The speed of the molecules is increased when they are heated. 当分子受热时,分子的速度就增加。四、被动语态的译法4.2 无施动者的被动句的译法 英语中一些没有指明施动者的被动句,可译成汉语中具有主动形式而含有被动意义的主动句。这类句子在汉语中称之为“简化被动态”或“当然被动句”。是汉语中长期形成的一种习惯表达法,其被动含义是不
17、言而喻的。 He was scared out of his wits. 他吓得魂飞魄散。 The movie will be shown again tomorrow. 电影明天还要放映。 The novel has already been translated into many languages. 这本小说已译成好几种语言。四、被动语态的译法4.3 译成汉语无主句 有些英语的被动句在译为汉语的主动句式时,不是保留原文的主语,而是译成无主句,更符合汉语的习惯。 The matter was never mentioned again. 后来再也没提这件事。 Tremendous res
18、earch work has been done to bring about such fantastic speeds. 为了达到这样神奇的速度,进行了巨大的研究工作。 A considerable investment has been made in the exploration of the sea depths. 在海底勘探方面进行了巨额投资。 The educational reform must be carried through to the end. 必须把教育改革进行到底。四、被动语态的译法4.4 受动者+被动式谓语+施动者施动者+主动式谓语+受动者 把英语被动句的主
19、语改做宾语,以原句中的施动者作主语这种译法,就是把英语的被动句转换成汉语的如下句式:A.施动者+主动式谓语+受动者 Yet ,only a part of this energy is used by man. 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 如原句未说出施动者,可以补上“大家”、“人们”、“有人”之类的词作主语。 He is believed to be deeply interested in the subject. 人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。B.施动者+“把”(或“给”等)+受动者+主动式谓语 The famous hotel had been practically de
20、stroyed by the big fire. 大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。 We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。四、被动语态的译法4.5 译成判断句 有的英语被动句可译为汉语的判断句,即用汉语的“是的”表示。 The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader. 这次反种族歧视运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。 My fir
21、st thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。四、被动语态的译法4.6 用汉语“被”、“受”等词表示被动意义 着重被动动作的英语被动句,可译成汉语的完全被动态,用表示被动的助词“被”、或跟“被”意义相同的“受”、“给”、“让”、“使”等构成,或用“加以”、“予以”等后面加谓语动词表示被动。 The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance. 教育青少年被视为头等重要的大事。 They are daily and hourly enslave
22、d by the machine,by the overlooker,and particularly,by the manufacturer himself. 他们每日每时都受机器、受监工、尤其受厂主本人的奴役。 The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article. 运动定律将在下一篇论文中予以讨论。五、定语从句的译法5.1 译成前置定语 一般说来,限定性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句,虽然并不明显地带有限定性质,但本身较短,和被修饰语关系紧密,也可以为前置定语。 To be sure,a great rebuildi
23、ng project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. 诚然,一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。 In recent years,however,people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. 可是,近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。 He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,
24、but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。五、定语从句的译法5.2 译成后置的并列分句A.一些结构较复杂,或者意思上有较强的独立性的限定性定语从句,通常可以译为后置的并列分句。采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所替代的词,有时可在这些词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等,以使译文明确。 But world attention also is focusing on another step,which will make the smoker increasingly self-
25、conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. 同时,人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上,这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。 In 1883 an American physician,A.King,listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria. 1883年,美国医生A.金列举了二十个观察报告,这些报告表明蚊子是引起疟疾的一个因素。五、定语从句的译法5.2 译成后置的并列分句B.非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密
26、切,只是对先行词加以说明,描述或解释,或对整个语句所陈述的事实现象加以总结概括、补充说明,其前都用逗号分开。在汉译时,一般译为后置的并列分句。 These books,which are only a small part of my collection,I picked up in America. 这些书是我在美国买的,它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分。 He gave in his resignation,which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance. 他提出了辞职,这在当时的情况下是最好的办法。 He blamed me
27、 for everything,which I thought very unfair. 他把一切错误都归罪于我,我认为这很不公平。五、定语从句的译法5.3 溶合译法 溶合译法是指把主句与定语从句合起来译,是指溶合成一个独立的句子。 You are the only person who could do it. 只有你才能做这件事。 This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. 这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。 There was no one who did not praise them for their gre
28、at accomplishments. 没有人不称赞他们所取得的巨大成就。五、定语从句的译法5.4 译成状语 英语中有些定语从句在内容上含有时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语意思,翻译时往往可以加上相应的词语,以表达出其相应的状语意义。 We engage professor Wu,who understands English. 我们聘请吴教授,因为他懂英语。 A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard. 一个水手正在系绳子的时候,失去平衡,掉到水里去了。 He is collecting auth
29、entic material that proves his argument. 他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他的论点。 Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 电子计算机虽然有许多优点,却不能进行创造性的工作,代替不了人。六、名词从句的译法 英语的名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在翻译时,语序一般不变,但有时也需采取一些其他处理方法。6.1 主语从句A.以从属连词或连接代词位于句首的主语从句翻译时语序一般不变。 That
30、 a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains is really something unthinkable. 一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年真是不可思议。 That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical phenomenon. 物质热胀冷缩是一个普通的物理现象。六、名词从句的译法6.1 主语从句B.以形式主语it引出的主语从句,翻译时有三种处理办法:(1)如主语从句较短,可提前与主句合译为“是”字结构。 I
31、t is good news that our team has won the championship . 我们队得了冠军是好消息。(2)如果主语从句较长,一般可译为并列的分句或独立的句子,即先译从句,而在主句之前加“这”字译出。 It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape,but it has a definite volume. 液体没有一定的形状,但又有一定的体积,这是普通常识。(3)以it 做形式主语而主句的谓语是被动语态的句子,一般转译成主动语态,可译为“据”,“有人”“人们”等,主语从句保留原文的语序。 It i
32、s reported that the meeting will be held in June. 据报道,这个会将在六月举行。六、名词从句的译法6.2 宾语从句A.以从属连词或连接代词引起的宾语从句汉译时,语序一般不变 Some people,however,maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. 可是,有些人则坚持认为,这恰恰是危险所在。 This shows that something unexpected may have turned up. 这表明可能出现了意外情况。 Mary always thought h
33、ow she could do more for mankind. 玛丽总是想着怎样为人类作更多的工作。六、名词从句的译法6.2 宾语从句B.英语中的宾语从句有时置于句首,其修辞作用在于强调宾语。为了使译文达到相同的修辞效果,翻译时也亦将宾语从句前置。 Whether they like it or not, I dont care. 他们喜欢不喜欢,我可不管。 What they were asked to do in 10 days, they finished in two. 让他们十天做的事,它们两天就坐完了。 What he has once heard be never forge
34、ts. 他听过的话,再也不会忘记。六、名词从句的译法6.2 宾语从句C.用it作形式宾语的句子,汉译时that引起的宾语从句一般可按原文语序,it不必译出。 We think it certain that American English does have a considerable influence upon British English. 我们认为美语必然对英语产生相当大的影响。 I make it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. 我已表明决心去执行这个计划。 I leave it to your own ju
35、dgment whether you should do it. 我让你自己判断你该不该做这件事。六、名词从句的译法6.3 表语从句 表语从句汉译时语序一般不变,但有时在译文中也可依汉语的表达习惯,把表语从句提前。 Time factor is what we have to take into consideration. 时间因素是我们应考虑的。 The question which worries everyone today is: how long will these fuels last? 今天人人都担心的问题是:这些燃料能维持多久? That is why the “know-
36、all” is ridiculous. “知识里手”之所以可笑,原因就在这个地方。六、名词从句的译法6.4 同位语从句 英语中的同位语从句与其所修饰的名词处于同等的地位,只作进一步解释的作用,汉译时一般用如下方法处理:(1)同位语从句不提前。 We expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again . 我们表示希望他们再到中国来访问。(2)同位语从句提前。 Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed, but they dont m
37、ind. 很显然,他们成功的可能性很小,但是他们不在乎。(3)把同位语从句译成独立的句子,并在其前面加“即”,或在从句所修饰的名词之后加冒号。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. 我们都熟悉这样一个概念,即一切物质都是由原子组成的。七、状语从句的译法 英语状语从句包括表示时间、地点、条件、让步、原因等各种从句,汉译时要注意英汉两种语言使用状语方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。7.1 时间状语从句A.译成相应的时间状语。 When the wall fell down,all the people ran
38、away in a panic. 墙倒塌的时候,所有的人都争先恐后地跑开了。 Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电也在为我们工作,它为我们开动冰箱、烧水或使我们房间的空调机保持运转。七、状语从句的译法7.1 时间状语从句B.译成并列分句。 The
39、monkey was feeling a bit scared when suddenly the crocodile dived under the water. 猴子正感到有点害怕,鳄鱼突然向水下潜去。 They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他的赎金尚未交来,他们就把他放了。七、状语从句的译法7.1 时间状语从句C.英语中存在着内容和形式不相一致的情况。有些时间状语从句有时可以按其逻辑关系译成原因、条件、让步等的分句。 When you have finished your home work, you can g
40、o and play ballgames. 做完家庭作业,你就可以出去打球了。(条件) While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 虽然我承认这些问题困难,但我并不认为他们无法解决。(让步)七、状语从句的译法7.2 条件状语从句A.译成表示“条件”或“假设”的分句。 As long as we dont lose heart, we will find a way to overcome the difficulty. 只要我们不灰心,就能找到克服困难的方法。(条
41、件) If you want something done in a hurry, dont go to the man who has clearly not much to do. 要是你有急事要办,不要去找那种显然没有多少事可做的人。(假设)七、状语从句的译法7.2 条件状语从句B.译成补充说明情况的分句。 Well come over to see you on Wednesday if we have time. 我们将在星期三来看你,如果有空的话。 This is the best choice if you understand what I mean. 这是最佳选择,如果你明白
42、我的意思的话。七、状语从句的译法7.2 条件状语从句C.按逻辑关系转译为表示“时间”、“让步”、“结果”、“原因”等的从句。 If he is too old to work much, the retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighborhood affair. 虽然这位退休老工人年迈不能多操劳,但它对街道工作非常热心。(让步) If he was so able as to solve such a difficult maths problem known to the world, it is because he was ext
43、remely diligent and absolutely absorbed in mathematics. 他之所以解决了这样一个世界上有名的数学难题,是因为他非常勤奋,对数学极感兴趣。(结果)七、状语从句的译法7.3 地点状语从句A.译成相应的地点状语。 Where water resources are plentiful, hydroelectric power stations are being built in large numbers. 哪里有充足的水源,哪里就在兴建大批的水电站。B.按逻辑关系转译成表示“条件”的状语。 Where there is nothing in
44、the path of the beam of light, nothing is seen. 如果光束通道上没有任何东西,就什么也看不见。7.4 原因状语从句(since,because,as)7.5 让步状语从句(though,even though, even if, although, no matter how, whatever)八、长句的译法 八、长句的译法8.1 顺序法 有些英语的叙述层次与汉语比较一致,基本可按照原文的顺序译出,为了使前后语气衔接,可增加必要的词语。 In oxygen we have a different problem, for although bot
45、h a research chemist and a chemical manufacturer know the element O means oxygen, in practice they have different ideas about it. Thus, if the researcher performed a delicate experiment, using the manufacturers oxygen it might easily be a failure since the so-call O, whether used as a solid, liquid or gas, would almost certainly contain other substances . 就氧而言,我们遇到一个不同的问题,因为虽然化学研究工作者和化学成品制造商都知道元素O指的是氧,但在实践中他们关于氧的概念都不一样。因而,假定研究工作者用制造商生产的氧来做一次精度很高的实验,这实验很可能会失败,因为这种所谓的氧不论是用其固体,液体或气体,几乎肯定都含有杂质。八、长句的译法8.2 变序法 英语长句