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1、高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结2022-05-0218:14高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结本文由梦魇狂朝整理后由张老师批阅整理完成取代反应烷:CH4+Cl2(光)CH3Cl+HCl苯:苯+Br2(Fe)苯-Br+HBr(液溴)苯+HO-NO2(浓H2SO4;)苯-NO2+H2O(硝化反应)甲苯:苯-CH3+3HO-NO2(浓H2SO4;)三硝基甲苯(TNT)+3H2O苯-CH3+Cl2(光)苯-CH2Cl+HCl醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+NaOH()CH3CH2OH+NaBr(水解反应)
2、另有酯化,硫化,水解等加成反应烯:CH2=CH2+Br2CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+H2O(催化剂;)CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2(Ni)CH3CH3炔:CHCH+2Br2CHBr2CHBr2苯:苯+3H2(Ni)C6H6(环已烷)苯+3Cl2C6H6Cl6(六六六)醛:CH3CHO+H2(Ni;)CH3CH2OH(加氢还原)另有加聚消去反应卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+NaOH(醇;)CH2=CH2+NaBr+N2O醇:CH3CH2OH(浓H2SO4;)CH2=CH2+H2O(乙醇为170,其它醇不用记)水解反应(取代反应)卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+H2O(NaOH)CH3CH2
3、OH+HBr酯:CH3COOC2H5+H2O(可逆;稀H2SO4;)CH3COOH+C2H5OH另有多糖二糖蛋白质的水解氧化反应1燃烧:CxHyOz+(x+y/4-z/2)O2(点燃)xCO2+y/2H2O(有机物燃烧通式)2催化反应醇:2CH3CH2OH+O2(Cu;)2CH3CHO+2H2OCH3CH2OH+CuO()CH3CHO+H2O+Cu醛:2CH3CHO+O2(催化剂;)2CH3CHO烯:2CH2=CH2+O2(催化剂)2CH3CHO烷:2CH3CH2CH2CH3+5O2(催化剂)4CH3COOH+2H2O3被酸性KMnO4氧化烯炔苯的同系物(与苯环相连的C上要有H)醇醛4与新制C
4、u(OH)2反应醛:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2()CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O5银镜反应(1)甲醛甲醛过量时:HCHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH()HCOONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O银氨溶液过量:HCHO+4Ag(NH3)2OH()(NH4)2CO3+4Ag+6NH3+2H2O(2)乙醛CH3CHO+2Ag(nh3)2OH()CH3COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O另有HCOOR(甲酸盐甲酯某酯)葡萄糖麦芽糖果糖还原反应1加H2加成:醛:CH3CHO+H2(Ni;)CH3CH2OH另有烯炔等特征反应1显色反应酚+Fe3+紫色淀粉+I2蓝色蛋白质(含苯环)+浓HNO3黄色2生H
5、2醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2酚:2苯-OH+2Na2苯-ONa+H2酸:2CH3COOH+Zn(CH3COO)2Zn+h23需水浴加热的反应(1)苯硝基苯(硝化反应):苯+HO-NO2(浓H2SO4)苯-NO2+H2O(5565)(2)银镜反应(3)乙酸乙酯水解(7080)(4)纤维素水解(5)酚醛树脂的制备(注:上中苯环全用“苯”字代替,)扩展阅读:2022年高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结高中有机化学反应类型归纳总结取代反应烷:CH4+Cl2(光)CH3Cl+HCl苯:苯+Br2(Fe)苯-Br+HBr(液溴)苯+HO-NO2(浓H2SO4;)苯-NO2+H2O(
6、硝化反应)甲苯:苯-CH3+3HO-NO2(浓H2SO4;)三硝基甲苯(TNT)+3H2O苯-CH3+Cl2(光)苯-CH2Cl+HCl醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+NaOH()CH3CH2OH+NaBr(水解反应)另有酯化,硫化,水解等加成反应烯:CH2=CH2+Br2CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+H2O(催化剂;)CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2(Ni)CH3CH3炔:CHCH+2Br2CHBr2CHBr2苯:苯+3H2(Ni)C6H6(环已烷)苯+3Cl2C6H6Cl6(六六六)醛:CH3CHO+H2(Ni;)CH3CH2OH
7、(加氢还原)另有加聚消去反应卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+NaOH(醇;)CH2=CH2+NaBr+N2O醇:CH3CH2OH(浓H2SO4;)CH2=CH2+H2O(乙醇为170,其它醇不用记)水解反应(取代反应)卤代烃:CH3CH2Br+H2O(NaOH)CH3CH2OH+HBr酯:CH3COOC2H5+H2O(可逆;稀H2SO4;)CH3COOH+C2H5OH另有多糖二糖蛋白质的水解氧化反应1燃烧:CxHyOz+(x+y/4-z/2)O2(点燃)xCO2+y/2H2O(有机物燃烧通式)2催化反应醇:2CH3CH2OH+O2(Cu;)2CH3CHO+2H2OCH3CH2OH+CuO()CH3C
8、HO+H2O+Cu醛:2CH3CHO+O2(催化剂;)2CH3CHO烯:2CH2=CH2+O2(催化剂)2CH3CHO烷:2CH3CH2CH2CH3+5O2(催化剂)4CH3COOH+2H2O3被酸性KMnO4氧化烯炔苯的同系物(与苯环相连的C上要有H)醇醛4与新制Cu(OH)2反应醛:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2()CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O5银镜反应(1)甲醛甲醛过量时:HCHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH()HCOONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O银氨溶液过量:HCHO+4Ag(NH3)2OH()(NH4)2CO3+4Ag+6NH3+2H2O(2)乙醛CH3CHO+2Ag(nh3)
9、2OH()CH3COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O另有HCOOR(甲酸盐甲酯某酯)葡萄糖麦芽糖果糖还原反应1加H2加成:醛:CH3CHO+H2(Ni;)CH3CH2OH另有烯炔等特征反应1显色反应酚+Fe3+紫色淀粉+I2蓝色蛋白质(含苯环)+浓HNO3黄色2生H2醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2酚:2苯-OH+2Na2苯-ONa+H2酸:2CH3COOH+Zn(CH3COO)2Zn+h23需水浴加热的反应(1)苯硝基苯(硝化反应):苯+HO-NO2(浓H2SO4)苯-NO2+H2O(5565)(2)银镜反应(3)乙酸乙酯水解(7080)(4)纤维素水解(5)酚醛树脂的制备第 4 页 共 4 页