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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion） 完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装,是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需
2、添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。 前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。 表示强调倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: 1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did
3、he realize he had made a big mistake. 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more, no longer,not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work
4、by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night . 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 3. so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 例子: So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked ou
5、t. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。 承上启下1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so+be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。 其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同，第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。 例子: A:His brother is（not） a college student; B:so is mine.(nor is mine .) A:他弟弟（不）是大学生，B:我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是
6、。) A:He used to have his further study abroad; B:so did I.(neither did I.) A:他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。(我也没有。) A:One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B:so can his wife.(neither can his wife .) A:我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B:他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。) 2.倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密
7、,起到承上启下的作用。 例子: They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。 We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷
8、光蛋。 制造悬念,渲染气氛在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。 如朗费罗(Longfellow)雪花中的一节: Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent, and soft, and slow, Descends the snow. 它来自天上。 叠叠乌云抖衣裳， 静悄悄，不慌张，
9、 绵绵雪花降； 落在光秃秃的棕色树林， 和收割过的孤寂田野上。 在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。 平衡结构英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。 1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。 例子: （1）A. To the coal mine ca
10、me a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。 （2）A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are t
11、o be shipped to some other cities. B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。 例句（2）包含一个非限制性定语从句，B句未倒装，则从句的先行词与引导词which中间被状语分隔开，不易于理解，而A句倒装使得先行词air conditioner与引导词which的关系一目了然。 从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭
12、。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。 2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。 例子: Such would be our home in the future. 我们家就将是这个样子。 3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。 例子: Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。 使描写生动有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off,
13、on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。 例子: Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。 Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。 Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了! Bang came another shot! 砰!又是一声枪响! 以上
14、句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。 “Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, . Away they run, pellmell, helterskelter, yellingscreaming, . “Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, . Away they fly
15、, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens ) 作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。as作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。此时应注意几点：一是若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，要省略不定冠
16、词；二是若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词)，与之连用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后)；三是though有时也可像as这样使作倒装。如：Tired as I was, I tried to help them. 虽然我很累，我还是努力帮助他们。Try as he would, he couldnt open the door. 他试过多次了, 却仍打不开那门。Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。Hard
17、 as (though) they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。如：By the door stood an armed guard. 门口站着一名手持武器的士兵。At the next table was a pretty girl wa
18、iting for someone. 隔壁桌上坐着一个等人的漂亮姑娘。Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book. 书的前部有目录，详列了书中的内容。写作高分需要大家能够用到一些比较复杂的句型，倒装句就是一
19、个。倒装句句型在考生的雅思写作中并不常见，所以大家如果能把倒装句恰当的应用到雅思写作中就会产生一种意想不到的效果。1. But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.结构：全句有2个谓语动词：has been和is.其中，as引导的让步状语从句是一个部分倒装句，按照正常语序应该是Although red has been unpopular in the past.句子可被拆分为，1). Red has been unpopular in the past.2). But a
20、t the moment it is a favorite hair dye.翻译：尽管过去红色不怎么流行，现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色。2. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasnt careful enough to make sure that he really did understand.结构：全句有4个谓语动词：has，does realize，wasnt和did understand.其中主句的是does realize.本句话是以only开头的强调句，其所强调的是when引导的条件状语从句。第一个
21、that引导的是realize的宾语从句。第一个 that引导的是make sure的宾语从句。翻译：只有当他迷了路，他才明白到当时自己不够谨慎，没有确定自己是否真的懂了。3. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：can correct.本句话是以only开头的强调句，其所强调的是方式状语by becoming wealthier.按照正常语序应该是：Countries can correct these conditions only by becoming wealt
22、hier.由only引导的倒装句句型是可以在雅思写作中发挥很大作用的，因为only表达的意思的唯一性和句式的复杂性都可以吸引考官。翻译：一个国家只有通过变得富强才能纠正这些问题。4. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.结构：全句有3个谓语动词：were，should have和should h
23、esitate.其中主句的是：should hesitate.本句是一个条件式虚拟倒装句。前半部分是一个if引导的条件状语从句，按照正常语序为：If it were left to me to decide。whether引导的是decide的宾语从句。翻译：如果由我来决定是有政府无报纸还是有报纸无政府，我会毫不犹豫选择后者。5. Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good
24、” and others are “bad”.结构：全句有3个谓语动词：comes，are和 are.其中主句的是：comes，两个are是that引导的主语feeling的同位语从句中的两个并列谓语。为了避免造成头重脚轻的感觉，主句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该为：A social feeling of agreement comes out of our emotional experience with objects and events.由介词短语引导的倒装句也是可以让雅思写作拿高分的句型，十分有用。翻译：从我们对于客观物体和事件的情感经验中产生了一种共同的社会情绪：某些
25、东西和行为是“好的”而其他的是“坏的”。6. Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at Tufts University School of Medicine.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：is.整个句子是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该是：The GG strain of Lactob
26、acillus is among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics.过去分词短语discovered by作为后置定语修饰the GG strain of Lactobacillus，后面的短语both at则是两个人名的定语。翻译：由塔夫茨大学医学院舍伍德哥尔巴赫教授和生化学家巴利格尔丁发现的鼠李糖乳杆菌是最有前途并且研究得最充分的益生菌之一。7. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth p
27、lus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.结构：全句有4个谓语动词：expands，fall和does fall.其中主句的是：does fall.这是一个由only开头的条件式强调句，主句采用倒装句式。按照正常语序句子主干应该为：the unemployment rate does fall.在when引导的条件状语从句中which引导的是第三个rate的定语从句。翻译：只有当总产量增长率
28、大于劳动力增长速率加上生产力增长率并减去平均年劳动时间下降的速率时，失业率才会下降。所谓虚拟语气,就是表达一种跟事实相反的愿望,比如如果我是只鸟就好了事实上,人不可能成为鸟.再比如,大家昨天出去玩的很高兴,但是你没去,要是我昨天也去了就好了事实上你没去.不知道这么说你是否能明白.另外,虚拟语气的倒装,如果句子中出现had, should, were这三个词,可以使用倒装.比如, If it hadnt rained yesterday, we would have finished the work. 倒装后为：Had it not rained yesterday, we would have finished the work. If you should come tomorrow, i would show you around our campus. 倒装: Should you come tomorrow, i would show you around our campus. If it were to rain, we would have to stay at home. Were it to rain, we would have to stay at home.专心-专注-专业