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1、语法专题六动词的时态和语态语法专题六动词的时态和语态考点二-2-高考感悟考点归纳1.(2019全国,语篇填空)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.have reported根据句中的时间状语In recent years可知,谓语动词要用现在完成时,主语是复数,所以填have reported。2.(2019全国,语
2、篇填空)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.declared根据下文的“she had no plans.”可知,此处讲述的是过去发生的事情,所以用一般过去时。考点二-3-高考感悟考点归纳3.(2018全国,语篇填空)Since 2011,the country (grow) more corn than rice.has grown根据时间状语Since 2011可知,句子要用现在完成
3、时,主语是the country,故谓语动词用单数形式。4.(2018全国,语篇填空)True to a gorillas unaggressive nature,the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.meant分析本句的句子成分可知,本句缺少谓语,由于讲述的是过去发生的事情,所以要用一般过去时。5.(2017全国,语篇填空)When fat and salt (remove) from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.are removedremove是及物动词,与fat and s
4、alt有逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用被动语态;由下文tastes可知用一般现在时;又因为主语fat and salt为复数形式,故填are removed。考点二-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2017全国,语篇填空)Steam engines (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.were useduse和Steam engines之间为动宾关系,因此用一般过去时的被动语态。7.(2017全国,语篇填空)La
5、ter,engineers (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube.managed根据后面的became可知,这里用一般过去时。考点二-5-高考感悟考点归纳8.(2017全国,语篇填空)Sarah (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel,earning a million dollars in the next year.has been told/was told根据句意可知用现在完成时或
6、一般过去时的被动形式,故填has been told或was told。9.(2016全国,语篇填空)I (allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.was allowed语篇中此句前面有it was a great honour,所以此处用一般过去时;主语I与动词allow之间存在被动关系,所以用一般过去时的被动语态。考点二-6-高考感悟考点归纳10.(2016全国,语篇填空)Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with C
7、hinese characters.be made句意:真正精致的筷子可能是由金银制成,并刻有汉字。筷子是被制作的,应该用被动语态,在情态动词might后用动词原形,故用be made。考点二-7-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:考点二-8-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三考点二-9-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。He goes to school ever
8、y day.他每天去上学。(经常性动作)He is very happy.他很高兴。(现在的状态)3.表示永恒的状态或真理。 “Life is like walking in the snow,” Granny used to say,“because every step shows.”祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都会留下痕迹。”The moon moves around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。考点二-10-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三4.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时
9、。When I have time,Ill go.我有时间就去。Unless some extra money is found,the theatre will close.除非能再弄到些钱,否则剧院将关闭。考点二-11-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三5.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So what is the procedure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.那程序是怎么安排
10、的呢?在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人都要参加面试。The train leaves at 8 oclock.火车将于8点钟发车。考点二-12-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.will表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。It is reported that a new space station will be built in years to come.据报道在以后的几年里要建一个新的空间站。Fish will die without water.鱼离开水就会死掉。考点二-13-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.be going
11、to(1)表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。We are going to have a meeting today.今天我们要开个会。(2)表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。It is going to rain.天要下雨了。考点二-14-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三3.be to(1)表示预先安排好的计划或约定。Are we to go on with this work?我们要继续这项工作吗?(2)表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。We are to take care of the children.我们应该照顾好孩子们。(3)表示注定要发生的事情
12、。Her plan is to be a failure.她的计划注定要失败。考点二-15-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三4.be about to表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。The plane is about to leave.飞机即将起飞。5.will与be going to的区别will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。be going to表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute,I will check it
13、for you.现在几点了?我不知道。但是稍等一会儿,我帮你确认一下。考点二-16-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:考点二-17-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三考点二-18-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.表示过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复发生的动作。Finally he reached a beautiful island which was covered with red flowers and green grass.最
14、后他到了一座美丽的岛屿,那里到处是红花绿草。Havent seen you for ages!Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.很长时间没有见你了!你去哪儿了?我去宁夏待了一年,作为一个志愿者在那里教学。I read several of Mo Yans works when I was studying abroad.我在国外读书的时候读了莫言的好几部作品。考点二-19-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.现在进行时的构成现在进
15、行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:考点二-20-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.由“be+v.-ing形式”构成,表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。Hi,lets go skating!Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling in an application form for a new job.嗨,我们去滑冰吧!很抱歉,我现在很忙。我正在填申请新工作的表格。考点二-21-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三3.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,sta
16、rt,begin,meet等动词用于现在进行时中表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.明天我要到北京去。4.与always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time 等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。5.进行时有时可表示渐变过程。His health is improving every day.他的健康状况每天都有好转。考点二-22-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十
17、一十二十三6.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(1)表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。(2)表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。(3)表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allow,accept,remember,permit,promise,admit,complete等。(4)感官动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。考点二-23-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三现在完
18、成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成。其使用通常有两种情况:1.所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。Oh,no!Were too late.The train has left.Thats OK.Well catch the next train to London.哦!不!我们太晚了。火车已经开走了。没关系。我们将乘坐下一列通往伦敦的火车。考点二-24-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和 since.等表示一段时间的状语或 so far等表示包括现在时间在内的
19、状语连用。In the last few years,China has made great achievements in environmental protection.在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。Have you heard of the accident on this road last night?Yes.And there have been three accidents here so far this year.昨天晚上这条公路上发生的事故你听说了吗?听说了。今年到现在为止这里已经发生三起事故了。注意有些表示短暂性动作的词,如 come,go,di
20、e,marry,buy等用于完成时中不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。考点二-25-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三3.还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.我做完了作业就去你家。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公交车停稳才能下车。考点二-26-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。She w
21、as phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away.她当时正在给别人打电话,因此我朝她点了一下头就走开了。In 1980 he was studying in a university.1980年时,他正在一所大学里学习。考点二-27-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。We never imagined that John would become a doctor.我们从未想过约翰会成为一名医生。James has just arrive
22、d,but I didnt know he was coming until yesterday.詹姆斯刚到,但直到昨天我才知道他要来。考点二-28-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现我听不懂这个讲座,因为我来的时候它已经开始了。2.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用had hoped/p
23、lanned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hoped/planned.+to have done。I had hoped to send him a postcard,but I forgot to do so.我本来想寄给他一张明信片,但我忘了。考点二-29-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+v.-ing形式”构成,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。The mana
24、ger has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.自从上午9点,经理就一直在跟工人们讲如何改进这个项目。It has been raining for 2 days.雨已经下了两天了。(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)考点二-30-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.一般过去时与现在完成时时间上有差异:凡有明确的过去时间的均用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时,如含有ago,last year,just now,the other day。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,
25、动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。I came to Beijing last year,and have been here since then.我去年来的北京,自从那时起我一直在这里。考点二-31-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三2.一般过去时与过去完成时这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。When I got to the party,many of them h
26、ad left for home.当我到达晚会的时候,他们中的许多人已经离开回家了。考点二-32-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三3.一般过去时与过去进行时尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。He wrote three letters last night.他昨晚写了三封信。(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完)He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.昨晚九点,他正在写信。(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了)考
27、点二-33-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时(1)现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。I have painted my new house.我已经给我的新房子刷完漆了。(强调已完成)I have been painting my new house.我一直在给我的新房子刷漆。(强调动作还在继续)(2)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。Have you been meeting our teacher these days?这些天来你一直遇见我
28、们老师吗?(强调动作的反复)Have you met our teacher recently?近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果)考点二-34-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.hardly.when.,no sooner.than.句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。2.since,in the last/past+一段时间,so far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Great changes have taken place in
29、our country in the last few years.我们国家过去的几年发生了巨大的变化。考点二-35-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三3.This/That/It is/was the first/second.time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们全家人第一次一起到电影院看电影。4.“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。You will
30、have learned about 3,000 words by the end of next month.到下月底你(们)将已学习3000个单词。考点二-36-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三5.It+be.before.“要过才”或“在以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则before 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before 从句中常用一般现在时。Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before Brian gets back.很抱歉让你等了这么久,
31、但布莱恩还要过段时间才能回来。6.was/were about to do.when.在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。I was about to leave when he came in.我正要离开这时他进来了。考点二-37-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三1.表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove, appear等构成的系表结构。The soup smells good but tastes terrible.这汤闻起来香但尝起来不好。2.表示主语的某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,was
32、h,clean, wear,shut。This kind of material washes easily.这种布料容易洗。3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close, stop,end,run等。The shop closes at 6 pm every day.这家商店每天下午六点关门。考点二-38-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动
33、语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.在过去的这些年里,莎士比亚的戏剧哈姆雷特至少被拍成了十部不同的电影。In some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar.在世界的一些地方,茶被提供的时候会加牛奶和糖。考点二-39-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九十十一十二十三几种特殊形式的被动结构:1.“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构He is
34、reported to have broken a world record.据报道他打破了一项世界纪录。2.“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构Its said that they have discovered a new star.据说他们发现了一颗新星。3.“get+done”构成的被动结构get married 结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lost 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困-40-.单句填空1.I (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but
35、 I couldnt manage it.(2019天津,单项填空)had hoped句意:我本来希望给彼得寄一份礼物祝贺他结婚的,但是我没能寄成。过去没寄出礼物,希望是在此之前想的,表示过去的过去用过去完成时。2.Amy,as well as her brothers,(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019天津,单项填空)was given句意:埃米和她的兄弟们在上周回到村子时受到了热烈的欢迎。as well as连接两个主语时,谓语与它前面的主语保持一致,give和主语有动宾关系,所以用一般过去
36、时的被动语态。-41-3.A few months after he had arrived in China,Mr.Smith (fall) in love with the people and culture there.(2019江苏,单项填空)fell句意:史密斯先生来到中国几个月之后,他爱上了这里的人们和文化。状语从句使用了过去完成时,此处应该使用一般过去时。4.The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.(2019江苏,单项填空)has give
37、n句意:在过去的三个月里,这位音乐家和他的乐队成员已经进行了十场演出。根据时间状语“in the last three months”可知,谓语动词应使用现在完成时;谓语动词的数取决于along with前面的名词The musician,所以用单数形式。-42-5.They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have _ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.(2019江苏,单项填空)been installed句意:为了北京的冬奥会,他们正在努力确保2022年之前安装好
38、5G终端。根据时间状语by 2022可知,此处用将来完成时。install和5G terminals是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。6.I think Ana (finish) her packing since she started getting things ready early this morning.(2018北京朝阳区3月模考)has finished句意:我认为安娜打包完了,因为她今天早晨就开始准备。根据句意以及since可知,要用现在完成时。-43-7.In other parts of the country including Beijing,however,it _ (
39、know) as “qipao”,which has a history behind it.(2017山东部分重点中学高三第一次调研)is known此处是对客观情况的一般性描述,应用一般现在时;it与know之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动语态。8.Oh,Kay,so-and-so was here yesterday.She (be) just “the salt of the earth”,isnt she?(2017安徽高三阶段性测试)is由附加问句isnt she可知,此处应用is。9.The build-up was exciting as everywhere (decora
40、te) with red.(2017江西南昌高三第二次模拟)was decorated主句用了一般过去时,故从句也应用一般过去时。decorate与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动语态。-44-10.She (nod) and said,“Yes,you.”(2017广东七校联合体高三第二次联考)nodded根据该句中的said可知,这里是过去发生的事情,故用一般过去时。11.In the US high school,everything (record) and graded,including your grades on quizzes,tests and final examin
41、ations.is recordedeverything和谓语record之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且表示客观情况,故用一般现在时的被动语态,即is recorded,与graded呼应。-45-12.Over the years,rules (work) out to guarantee safety and fairness.have been workedover the years “在过去的几年里”,常与现在完成时连用;rules与work out为逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动语态。13.It is estimated that more than a third of all wor
42、k trips in Copenhagen (carry) out on a bike.are carriedwork trips与carry out存在逻辑上的动宾关系,空处应用被动语态;根据文章的整体时态可知,空处应用一般现在时;由“a third of all work trips”可知,空处应填are carried。14.Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also (express) their great concern about it.expressed根据该句中的“showed”可知,该句叙述的是发生在过去
43、的事情,应用一般过去时,故填expressed。-46-15.Peter went to the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever since.has been writing句意:彼得早饭后去图书馆了,之后一直在那里写论文。根据时间状语ever since可知,此处用现在完成进行时表示动作从过去持续到现在,接下来可能继续进行。16.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she (teach) a class at that
44、time.will be teaching句意:简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了,因为那个时候她将正在上课。根据句意可知,“今天下午三点”是一个将来的时间;表示将来某一时刻正在做某事,应该用将来进行时。故填will be teaching。-47-17.Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement (reach) so far by the two sides.has been reached句意:尽管之前有好几轮的会谈,但是迄今为止双方仍然没有达成协议。根据时间状语so far可知,空格处用现在完成时,agreement与reach之间为被
45、动关系。故填has been reached。18.More expressways (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.will be built句意:为了促进当地经济,四川不久将建造更多的高速公路。根据时间状语soon可以判断,句子应用将来时;高速公路和建造之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动形式。填will be built。-48-19.About China,the most frequently used word by people is “exciting”, since the country (change)
46、 every day.is changing句意:关于中国,人们使用最多的词就是“激动人心”,因为这个国家每天都在变化。根据句中时间状语every day可知此处表示变化一直都在进行,没有停下,故用现在进行时。20.That meant she was surrounded by either teachers who were busy teaching or students who (devote) to their studies.were devoted固定搭配be devoted to.“致力于”;句中的or后是一个定语从句,因为先行词是students,再由前一个定语从句的时态是
47、一般过去时可知,此处填were devoted。-49-21.The Small Goose Pagoda in Xian,one of the 22 Silk Road relics located in China,(date) back to 707 during the Tang Dynasty.dates题干中的one of短语是主语的同位语,题干中缺少谓语动词,date back“追溯”,没有被动语态。指从现在追溯到唐朝,故用一般现在时。22.It is true that the Internet (change) the way we work and communicate.
48、has changed句意:因特网确实已经改变了我们工作和交流的方式。根据主句时态及常识可知从句应用现在完成时,且the Internet为第三人称单数形式,故用has changed。-50-23.In the traditional Chinese Lunar Year,each year (give) a name of 12 kinds of animals.is given句意:在中国传统的农历年中,每年都被给予了12种动物中的一种动物名称。根据题干中的主语应是give的动作承受者,且题干说明的是客观事实,应用一般现在时。24.They made up their minds tha
49、t they (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.would buy句意:他们决定一旦拉里换了工作,他们就买一所新房子。根据句意可知buy这个动作应在made up their minds之后,故应用过去将来时。-51-25.Youd better write down her phone number before you(forget) it.forget句意:趁着还没忘,你最好把她的电话号码记下来。此处是before引导的时间状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来。-52-.单句改错1.Most of our cultural values,how
50、ever,is not clear or hidden.(2019贵州遵义航天高级中学模拟)isare句子的主语values是复数形式,所以把is改为are。2.The contest was holding in our school gym from Oct.7th to Oct.10th.(2019河北承德一中三模)holdingheld句子的主语和hold是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。根据was可知,此处用动词的过去分词形式。3.When summer came,they will invite their students to pick the vegetables!(2019河北邯