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1、 主要教学目的与要求: 掌握国际货币制度基本内容,概况及其基本法律框架 一货币和外汇 二、国际货币制度形成和发展 ,双挂钩,牙买加协定, 三国际货币基金组织概况及其法律框架 基金组织各协定基本内容,外汇以及外汇管制制度 四我国的外汇管理制度 第一节货币与外汇 p.397 第二节、国际货币制度的形成及其发展 一国际货币制度的形成 二.国际货币制度的发展第三节国际货币基金组织及其法律框架 一国际货币基金组织概述 二国际货币基金组织基本功能 第四节法律地位、组织结构与业务规定 一法律地位与组织结构 二基金相关业务的法律规定 第四节国际货币基金协定中汇兑的法律规定 一、概述 二、基金协定关于汇兑规定第
2、8条 三、基金协定关于汇兑规定第14条 中国和基金组织的改革第六节.我国的外汇管制 一外汇管制概述 二外汇管制的主客体 三中华人民共和国外汇管理法 一、货币 定义 货币制度 本位制度 金本位制度gold standard systems Silver- case- Paper- 外汇 货币与货币平价 外汇汇率和外汇管理 一国际货币制度的形成 指调整国际货币关系法律规范总称,其形成于二战结束之际。 二战临结束时,各主要的发达国家为战后拥有一个稳定的国际货币金融秩序,以满足经济稳定和发展的需要,于1944年6月22日在美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林召开联合国国际货币金融会议; 通过并签署了联合国货币
3、金融会议的最后决定、国际货币基金协定和国际复兴开发银行协定。 1945年12月27日起,上述协议正式生效; 一国际货币制度的形成 指调整国际货币关系法律规范总称,其形成于二战结束之际。 二战临结束时,各主要的发达国家为战后拥有一个稳定的国际货币金融秩序,以满足经济稳定和发展的需要,于1944年6月22日在美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林召开联合国国际货币金融会议; 通过并签署了联合国货币金融会议的最后决定、国际货币基金协定和国际复兴开发银行协定。 1945年12月27日起,上述协议正式生效; 建立了国际货币制度(又称布雷顿森林体系),国际货币制度由此正式诞生。 在国际货币制度的法律框架下,使国际货
4、币金融活动得以在国际货币制度的法律规范的约束下进行。 二.国际货币制度的发展 “双挂钩双挂钩”的联系汇率制度:的联系汇率制度: 各国货币同美元保持固定兑换比率各国货币同美元保持固定兑换比率; 美元同黄金保持固定兑换比率。美元同黄金保持固定兑换比率。 作用:作用:“双挂钩双挂钩”制度形成的一个相对稳定的制度形成的一个相对稳定的汇率机制对经济发展具有稳定的作用,因此其对汇率机制对经济发展具有稳定的作用,因此其对战后的经济复苏起到了很大的促进作用。战后的经济复苏起到了很大的促进作用。 美国外贸从60年代起开始出现逆差,美元为一国货币的困境: 上述原因导致了布雷顿森林体系的“双挂钩”汇率制在1973年
5、崩溃。“双挂钩”汇率机制的崩溃 国际货币制度的崩溃? 原因: 一方面美元作为一主要国际贮备货币,由于国际需求大需要增发,增加国际储备货币; 另一方面美元作为一国的货币要保持其货币价值的稳定就要稳定或控制其发行量,所以美元作为一国的货币亦不可能过度大量的发行。 进退两难的状况导致美国无力维护布雷顿森林体系的“双挂钩”汇率机制 RMB STATUS- International Reserve Asian Monetary Reserve Japanese Yen V RMB牙买加协定1976年 “临时委员会1”通过了牙买加协定,即第二次修订案,该协定于1978年4月1日开始生效。主要三方面内容:
6、 (1)建立了各种形式的浮动汇率制度为主的多元化的汇率机制(2)建立了等主要发达国家货币为辅的国际储备货币体系,美元仍然是最重要的国际储备资产 (3)形成了维护国际收支平衡的多种调节机制:1临时委员会于1976年1月7日至8日在牙买加首都金斯敦召开会议,通过对国际货币基金协定的第二次修订。临时委员会的前身是1974年解散的国际货币制度改革委员会。 The IMF at a GlanceThe International Monetary Fund was created in 1945 to help promote the health of the world economy. Headq
7、uartered in Washington DC, it is governed by and accountable to the governments of the 185 countries that make up its near-global membership.1能充分发挥其管理、监督和协调国际金融事务、促进会员国间的国际金融合作、维护国际货币制度和会员国货币金融制度稳定发展的卓有成效的国际金融机构。 1 (“ The IMF at a Glance”, P.1)来源:http:/www/imf.org 各类国际金融组织的作用: 国际金融组织是各国政府间根据国际条约建立的,
8、对国际金融活动进行管理和协调的全球性或区域性金融机构。 全球性的国际金融组织主要有国际货币基金组织、世界银行集团和国际清算银行等。 乌拉圭回合谈判结束后,也从服务贸易谈判的角度出发,特别是通过全球金融服务贸易协议开始全面涉及对国际金融活动进行规范。 区域性的国际金融组织有亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行、欧洲投资银行和欧洲中央银行等。 目前运行的国际货币制度法律框架的核心是国际货币基金协定(以下简称“协定”)。共有31条条款,12个附录。 I.宗旨:Article IP u r p o s e s (i) To promote international monetary cooperation t
9、hrough a permanentinstitution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaborationon international monetary problems. ()通过设置一常设机构,便于国际货币问题的商讨与协作,以促进国际货 币合作。 (ii) To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of internationaltrade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenan
10、ce of highlevels of employment and real income and to thedevelopment of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. (ii)以促进和维护高水平的就业和实际 收入,以及所有会员国生产资源的发展,作为经济政策的首要目标。 (iii) To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchangearrangements among members, an
11、d to avoid competitive exchange depreciation. ()促进汇价的稳定,维持会员国间有秩序的外汇安排,并避免竞争性 的外汇贬值。 (iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of worldt r
12、 a d e . ()协助建立会员国间经常性交易的多边支付制度,并消除妨碍世界贸易 发展的外汇管制。 (v) To give confidence to members by making the general resources ofthe Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance ofpayments without resorting to mea
13、sures destructive of national or international prosperity.()在充分保障下,以基金的资金暂时供给会员国,使有信心利用此机会调 整其国际收支的不平衡,而不致采取有害于本国的或国际的繁荣的措施。 (vi) In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessenthe degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments ofmembers. The Fund shall be guided
14、 in all its policies and decisions by the purposesset forth in this Article. ()依据以上目标,缩短会员国国际收支不平衡的时间,并减轻其程度。 Fast Facts on the IMFMembership: 187 countries Headquarters: Washington, DC Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or groups of countries Staff: approximately 2,360 from 146 co
15、untries Total quotas: US$333 billion (as of 2/28/10) Additional pledged or committed resources: $600 billion Loans committed (as of 2/28/10): US$191 billion, of which US$121 billion have not been drawn (see table) Biggest borrowers (credit outstanding as of 2/28/10): Romania, Hungary, Ukraine Techni
16、cal assistance: Field delivery in FY2009181 person years Original aims: Article I of the Articles of Agreement sets out the IMFs main goals: (1) 成员有使用基金的普通提款权和特别提款权的权利; (2)成员有通过其认缴的份额按比例分得基金收益的权利; (3)成员方有根据其认缴的份额按比例获得的投票权。监管IMF SurveillanceSurveillance consultations: Concluded in 2008177 countries i
17、n 2008, of which 155 voluntarily published information on their consultation (as of 03/31/09) ()基金应监督国际货币制度,以保证其有效实行,应监督各会员国是否遵 守本条第一节规定的义务。 ()为了履行上述()款规定的职能,基金应对各会员国的汇率政策行使 严密的监督,并应制定具体原则,以在汇率政策上指导所有会员国。各会员国应该 向基金提供为进行这种监督所必要的资料,在基金提出要求时,应就会员国的汇率政策问题同基金进行磋商。基金制定的原则应该符合各会员国用以确定本国货币对 其他会员国货币比价的合作安排,并
18、符合一个会员国根据基金的目的和本条第一节 规定选择的其它外汇安排。这些原则应该尊重各会员国国内的社会和政治政策,在执行这些原则时,基金应该对各会员国的境况给予应有的注意。 Exchange rate, monetary and fiscal policies remain at the center of IMF surveillance. Structural policiessuch as those governing a countrys international trade, labor markets,Financial sector issues Institutional i
19、ssuessuch as central bank independence, financial sector regulation, corporate governance, and policy transparency and accountability Assessment of risks and vulnerabilities stemming from large and sometimes volatile capital flows have become more central to IMF surveillance in recent years. How IMF
20、 country surveillance works in practice?“Article IV consultations”, as IMF surveillance discussions are known, usually take place once a year. Multilateral and regional surveillancesuch as EU or West Africa-2.2技术援助 Technical assistance is one of the benefits of IMF membership 第条第2款基金的业务范围规定: ()如经请求,
21、基金可决定提供符合于基金宗旨的金融和技术服务,包括对会员国所缴资金的管理。 The IMF provides technical assistance in its areas of expertise, namely: macroeconomic policy, tax policy and revenue administration, expenditure management, monetary policy, the exchange rate system, financial sector sustainability, and macroeconomic and financ
22、ial statistics. The IMFs efforts to strengthen the international financial system have precipitated demands for technical assistance. -demand for technical assistance to help low-income countries build capacity to design and implement poverty-reducing and growth programs The IMF delivers technical a
23、ssistance in various ways. Support is often provided through short staff missions of limited duration sent from headquarters, the placement of experts and/or resident advisors for periods ranging from a few weeks to a few years 贷款A core responsibility of the IMF is to provide loans to countries expe
24、riencing balance-of-payments problems. This financial assistance enables countries to rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth. Unlike development banks, the IMF does not lend for specific project
25、s. When can a country borrow from the IMF? A member country may request IMF financial assistance if it has a balance of payments needthat is, if it cannot find sufficient financing on affordable terms to meet its net international payments. An IMF loan eases the adjustment policies and reforms that
26、a country must make to correct its balance of payments problem and restore conditions for strong economic growth. An IMF loan is usually provided under an arrangement, which stipulates the specific policies and measures a country has agreed to implement in order to resolve its balance of payments pr
27、oblem. IMF Facilities Over the years, the IMF has developed a number of loan instruments, or facilities, that are tailored to address the specific circumstances of its diverse membership. Low-income countries may borrow at a concessional interest rate through the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facilit
28、y (PRGF). Non-concessional loans are provided through four main facilities: Stand-By Arrangements (SBA); the Extended Fund Facility (EFF); the Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF). the buffer stock facility (BSF). the Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF); The IMF also provides emergency assistance t
29、o support recovery from natural disasters and conflicts, in some cases at concessional interest rates. 一法律地位与组织结构的 法律地位、豁免与特权“协定”第九条,第1款:使基金能履行其受托的职能,基金在各会员国境内得享有本条所规定的法律地位、豁免与特权。 第2款则明确了基金的法律地位,-基金应有完整的法人权利,特别是有权:签订契约;取得与处置动产与不动产;进行法律诉讼。第3款则规定了司法程序的豁免即基金的财产和资产,不论在何地和为何人所保管,均应享受任何形式司法程序 的豁免,特权:除为起诉或
30、因履行契约,得自动声明放弃此项豁免权益。确定了基金组织的组织结构(1)“协定”对于其组织结构和管理职能在第12条组织与管理作出了具体规定,对理事会、执行董事会、总裁和工作人员、投票和储备、净收入的分配和投资等方面作了具体的规定。理事会为最高权力机构,由各成员派正、副理事各一名组成,一般由各国的财政部长或中央银行行长担任。每年月举行一次会议;基金的日常事务由执行董事会处理。基金的大多数决策是由执行董事会做出;总裁由执行董事会选举,负责基金的日常业务工作。由名执行董事组成,其中名由美、英、法、德、日、俄、中、沙特阿拉伯指派,其余名执行董事由其他成员分别组成个选区选举产生;中国为单独选区,亦有一席。
31、执行董事每两年选举一次;总裁由执行董事会推选,负责基金组织的业务工作,任期年,可连任,三名副总裁。 “协定”在第2条规定:会员资格 凡参加联合国货币和金融会议的国家,其政府在年月日前接受会员席位的,皆为创始会员国; 其他国家的政府,依照基金理事会规定的日期和条件,这些条件包括认缴的条 件,应依据适用于其他现有会员国的相同原则为基础。 第26条、对会员国的退出 作出了规定: 第一节会员国退出的权利 任何会员国得随时以书面通知基金总部退出基金,在基金接到该项通知之日起 即应生效。 第二节强制退出 ()如一会员国不履行本协定任何义务,基金得宣告该国丧失使用基金普通 资金的资格。()如经过一合理期限后
32、,该会员国仍不履行本协定任何义务,经理事会 总投票权的表决,得要求该会员国退出基金。 ()基金应拟定章程,对一会员国采取行动前, 将对该会员国的警告于一合理时间内通知到该会员国,并给以充分的机会以便其得 以口头和书面进行申述。 第条“份额。份额是国际货币基金组织的资金的主要来源,是由成员国作为会员费而认缴的份额费构成。 投票表决权。投票表决权是指成员国有按照其认缴基金份额的比例享有投票权利。基金规定每一成员国拥有基本票250票,此外根据认缴的份额每10万美元增加一票。-()按照第五条第三节()和(),凡截止投票日,净购入的该国货 币价值每万特别提款权应减少一票。 但不论净购入或净出售,在任何时
33、候均以不超过该国份额为限。 ()除另有特别规定外,所有基金的决议,必须有投票的过半数决定。 二基金相关业务的法律规定 基金的业务和交易第5条为基金的业务和交易 第1款为与基金往来的机构“各会员国应由其财政部、中央银行、平准基金会或其它类似的财政机关与基金 往来,基金也只经由这些机关与会员国往来。” 基金的业务范围: “第一、除本协定另有规定外,基金的业务限于经会员国请求,以该国货币向基金普通资金帐户上的普通资金中购买特别提款权或其它会员国货币; 第二如经请求,基金可决定提供符合于基金宗旨的金融和技术服务,包括对会员国所缴资金的管理。” 第三使用基金普通资金的条件 ()基金应对使用其普通资金,包
34、括对备用安排或类似的安排制定出政策, 也可对特殊的国际收支问题制定特殊的政策,以便协助会员国按照符合于基金宗旨 的一定方式来解决其国际收支问题,()在下列条件下会员国得以本国相当数额的货币向基金购买其它会员国货 币。 ()会员国应根据本协定的规定及政策使用基金的普通资 金。 ()会员国应以其国际收支,储备状况或其储备变化等为理由提出购买的 需要。 ()请购的数额系指在储备部分额度内的购买,或不致使基金所持有的 购买国的货币超过其份额的。 第条第六节基金对特别提款权的其它购买和出售 ()基金可接受参与国提供的特别提款权,兑换给相等()基金可接受参与国提供的特别提款权,兑换给相等金额的其它会员国货
35、金额的其它会员国货 币。币。 The Special Drawing Right (SDR) was created by the IMF in 1969 to support the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. A country participating in this system needed official reservesgovernment or central bank holdings of gold and widely accepted foreign currenciesthat could be used t
36、o purchase the domestic currency in world foreign exchange markets, as required to maintain its exchange rate. But the international supply of two key reserve assets gold and the U.S. dollarproved inadequate for supporting the expansion of world trade and financial development that was taking place.
37、 Therefore, the international community decided to create a new international reserve asset under the auspices of the IMF. SDR Use. Participants in the SDR Department (currently all members of the IMF) and prescribed holders may use SDRs in a variety of voluntary transfers, including transactions by
38、 agreement, swap arrangements, forward operations, and so forth. Participants may also use SDRs in operations and transactions involving the General Resources Account (GRA), such as the payment of charges and repurchases (repayments). In addition, the IMF ensures that a participant with a balance of
39、 payments or reserve need to acquire foreign exchange is able to use its SDRs in a transaction with designation. However, only a few years later, the Bretton Woods system collapsed and the major currencies shifted to a floating exchange rate regime. In addition, the growth in international capital m
40、arkets facilitated borrowing by creditworthy governments. Both of these developments lessened the need for SDRs. Today, the SDR has only limited use as a reserve asset, and its main function is to serve as theunit of account of the IMF and some other international organizations. The SDR is neither a
41、 currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. Holders of SDRs can obtain these currencies in exchange for their SDRs in two ways: . first, through the arrangement of voluntary exchanges between members; and second, by the IMF desig
42、nating members with strong external positions to purchase SDRs from members with weak external positions IMF1969年创立的一种国际储备资产。其主要原因是为了弥补普通贷款权不足并作为普通贷款权的一种补充,是一种帐面资产或记帐单位。它是基金组织分配给成员国的一种提取资金的权利,它等同于美元和黄金,可以作为国际储备的一部分以帮助成员国调整短期的国际收支不平衡 特别提款权在创立时和美元等值并和黄金挂钩,1974年7月1日起与黄金脱钩,改由16个国家的一揽子货币定值。 1981年起改由五种货币组
43、成一揽子货币来定值,“货币篮子”中各国货币的构成比例每5年调整一次。 特别提款权和美元之间的兑换率每日确定,在基金组织的网上公布。 欧元使用以后,基金组织开始在2001年1月1日起使用四种主要的货币(欧元、日元、英镑和美元)来组成货币篮子并定值. 篮子中每种货币占的比例: U.S. dollar 45%, EURo 29% Japanese yen 15%, Pound sterling 11%, 该货币篮子的货币组成延续到2005年止。 The IMF has announced that on January 1, 2006 changes in the method of valuati
44、on of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) will come into effect (Press Release No. 05/265). The weights assigned to each currency in the SDR basket have been adjusted to take account of changes in the share of each currency in world exports of goods and services and international reserves. The next revi
45、ew will take place in late 2010 On December 30, 2005, the IMF l determined a fixed amount of each currency in the SDR basket based on the initial weights and exchange rates over the preceding three months. These amounts will produce a value of the SDR in terms of the U.S. dollar on that date that is
46、 the same under the current and new valuation methods. The IMF is providing interim calculations of the currency amounts every week for the remainder of this year based on exchange rates over the preceding three months to assist users of the SDR in preparing for the changeover to the new SDR valuati
47、on._ (1)(2) (3) (4) Currency Initial new weight (share)Illustrative currency amount1 Exchange Rate on 2 12/30/05 U.S. dollar equivalent _Euro 34 0.4100 1.18360 0.485276 Japanese yen 11 18.4000 117.57000 0.156503 Pound sterling 11 0.0903 1.72190 0.155488 U.S. dollar 44 0.6320 1.00000 0.632000 _SDR1 =
48、 US$ 1.42927 _ 1. Illustrative currency amounts are based on average exchange rates for a period from October 3 to December 30, 2005. 2. The exchange rate for the Japanese yen is expressed in terms of currency units per U.S. dollar; other rates are expressed as U.S. dollars per currency unit. 3. The
49、 value in U.S. dollars of one SDR, rounded to six significant digits. . This department, an accounting entity rather than an organizational unit of the IMF, records and administers all transactions and operations involving SDRs. SDR Interest and Charges. Interest is paid to each holder of SDRs. Char
50、ges are levied, at the same rate, on each participants net cumulative SDR allocations. The SDR interest rate is determined weekly by reference to a short-term market interest rates on the currencies used for SDR valuation. Interest on SDR holdings is paid, and charges on net cumulative allocations a