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1、课程主题： 说明文阅读教学内容知识点一、说明文阅读理解【知识梳理1】说明文概述 说明文是客观的说明事物的一种文体，它以说明这种表达方式为主,按照一定的要求解说事物或事理的文章。1. 阅读说明文的方法：1) 下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。 2) 举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况,真切地说明事物特征。3) 做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4) 打比方：适当运用比喻,能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。 5) 列数字：有些事物为便于从数量上说明特征，往往运用一些数字
2、来说明。6) 因果关系法：事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生，那么这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括“由果推因”(由结果去推测原因)和“由因推果”(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系必须符合人们的日常思维逻辑。2. 说明文的结构：1) 总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2) 承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3) 递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。3. 说明文的学习策略：1) 整体把握文章的大致内容，弄清说明对象
3、。2) 准确抓住说明事物的具体特征。3) 分析、识别文章的说明方法，并弄清其在文中的作用。4) 具体分析语言的准确性。正确理解词语在句中的意义和作用，准确地对词语的限制、修饰作用进行评析。5) 了解和识别各种说明顺序。6) 把握段落的中心句、关键语句。【知识梳理2】说明文的结构 1. 结论说明型 (1) 文章开始出现一个结论，后为对他的解释。 (2) 第一段主题句一般就是说明对象。然后注意每段开头第一句话，是段落主题句。 (3) 判断句通常很重要。即是，判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题。 A. 系表结构:be. remain B. 含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词 2. 新老观点型
4、(1) 判断标志：文章开始不久就出现了老观点，例如：it was traditionally assumed. it was once / usually believed. Many XX believed that. Many XX have argued. It was frequently assumed that. It was universally accepted that. 过去，传统，大家一致公认的观点，都是老观点。 (2) 主题句陈述新观点。 新观点特征：对同一focus给出不同的解释。 读到老观点的时候，应该停下来想一想。新观点可能是什么样子，从而往下有目的地寻找。 3
5、. 现象解释型 (1) 判断标志：首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象，往往很古怪，下文对其做出解释。 (2) 可能有多种解释，主题句作者给了正评价的解释。 (3) 需要注意的是： a. 可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价)，最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。 b. 可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。 4. 问题解决回答型 (1) 判断标志: a. 手段出现了设问句。 b. 首段出现了以下词语:problem, difficulty, task, puzzle等 (2) 主题句是作者给出正评价的解决方案。 【例题精讲】例1Our days on Earth are numbered, according to
6、 Professor Stephen Hawking.The world-famous physicist has previously issued warnings to the world that robots could wipe out mankind and that leaving Earth is our only hope. “I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster, such as a sudden nuclear war, a
7、genetically engineered virus, or catastrophic global warming,” he said. “I think the human race has no future if it doesnt go to space.”Hawking said that increasingly, most of the threats mankind faces come from progress in technology. “We are not going to stop making progress, or reverse it, so we
8、must recognise the dangers and control them.” To get away from these threats, humankind will have to colonise other planets, which Hawking believes will take more than a century. “We will not establish self-sustaining colonies in space for at least the next hundred years, so we have to be very caref
9、ul in this period,” Hawking said.Research regarding sending humans into space remains strong.In September the US Senate introduced a bill that authorizes a new $19.5 billion (15 billion) budget for Nasa to send a crew to the red planet, but commanded it must happen within the next 25 years.Professor
10、 Hawking has also previously singled out the risk of artificial intelligence (AI) becoming powerful enough to cause the downfall of mankind.In July, Professor Hawking and Tesla founder Elon Musk led 1,000 robotics experts in an open letter warning that “Weapons entirely powered by AI will become the
11、 Kalashnikovs of tomorrow”. “The probable life span of human civilization is much greater if were a multi-planet species as opposed to a single-planet species,” Elon Musk said last year. His company SpaceX is working to send humans to space. In September, the firm test fired one of its new Raptor “i
12、nterplanetary transport engines” which the company will use to carry astronauts to Mars. 一、文章结构框架：二、推断题目：1. A. The human race has no way out but to stop progress in technology.B. It will take at least one century to colonize a planet.C. Artificial intelligence will bring disasters to the human race.
13、D. Mankind is facing many dangers caused by technological progress2. A. We are particular creatures living on earth. B. We cant live on earth for much longer.C. There are too many days for human existence. D. Each day has its particular meaning. 3. A. how to extend human life span B. more threats th
14、e human race facesC. the risk of artificial intelligence D. Space Xs plan to colonize Mars例2Bonding with other guys may relieve stress in men, according to media reports of research published in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology last week. Men who are close with each other have higher levels of ox
15、ytocin, a kind of hormone which makes them better at handling stress.The research, however, comes from a rat study, and while rats are often used as stand-ins for humans, because they share similar biological and genetic characteristics youd have to assume there are differences. The researchers put
16、pairs of rats in cages together for a week and then put each one in a small space for three hours. When they were reunited, the rats were even friendlier to each other than before.Elizabeth Kirby, a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, says: “We cant speak rat, but we think the rats cant wait
17、 to tell their friend that some weird people shut them in a room.” They even touched each other more. But before they could have too much fun, the researchers measured the oxytocin levels in their brains. They found that the levels of oxytocin among rats with mates were higher. Kirby maintains that
18、there is a takehome message for men who arent rats. Being social increases levels of oxytocin and protects you from being stressed. Men, she says, are sometimes accused of having superficial friendship, but her research suggests that a bromance(兄弟情) doesnt have to be deep to have health benefits. “A
19、ny sort of social bonding increases oxytocin levels it doesnt have to be a deep discussion,” she says. So is this the excuse you needed to have a pint with your mates?In the world of human-friend research, men are said to have “shoulder to shoulder” friendships while women have “face to face” ones.
20、What this means, says Geoffrey L Greif, who has interviewed 400 men and 120 women about their friendships, is that men like to do things and women like to sit down and chat. “Women will say: My boyfriend went out for dinner and didnt find out his friend was getting divorced,” says Grief. “Men dont n
21、eed to express themselves as much as women in friendships.”Many studies show that friendships not only relieve stress but also reduce death from many causes, including heart disease. Also, men with friends are less likely to drink and smoke too much. Another good reason for encouraging bromances.一、文
22、章结构框架：二、推断题目：1. A. some rats are put together in cages and others in separate cagesB. rats are used for study because they have the same gene as humans.C. a short separation will make people friendlier than beforeD. Being together with friends will help stress reduction. 2. A. Deep bromanceB. Deep d
23、iscussion C. Social interaction D. Close friendship 3. A. Men like to walk side by side with their friends.B. Women prefer to sit face to face to have a chat with friends.C. Men dont care about their friends marriage as much as women.D. Men have less desire to communicate their emotions with friends
24、. 4. A. avoiding getting divorced B. reducing stress levelsC. preventing heart disease D. smoking or drinking less 【巩固练习】（ 分钟完成）Robotic surgery (外科手术) is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce
25、tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.However, unlike the plot of one filmwhich featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist
26、s bloodstream-this device could not be inserted into blood vessels (管) because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Co
27、nference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter,
28、which might seem to be an odd task, but more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus (食道) and stomach made out of silicone (硅胶). It
29、 was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine (肠), and contains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mm27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ic
30、e melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it woul
31、d eventually be gotten rid of through the anus (肛门). After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing.The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visua
32、lly control the robots. If not, that will require help with the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed.1. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to_.A. travel through a scientists bloodstre
33、amB. photograph the body to convey to the doctorC. enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairsD. operate on a person outside the body completely2.Whatmay the experiment mean to the medical world?A. The surgeries will cost patients much money.B. Patients will suffer less for some surgeries.C. Few
34、er children will swallow the button cells.D. A robot will be invented travelling blood vessels.3. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?A.An Experiment on RobotB. Tiny Robot, Significant RoleC. The Fantastic Robotic VoyageD. The Exploration of Robot Technology【知识梳理3】说明文阅读及解题方法总结1. 通过第一段了解说明对象2. 抓住下面每一段开头的主旨句，了解每一段是从哪方面去描述这个说明对象的。剩下的就是细节3. 如果有实验，抓住实验目的，实验经过和实验结果。4. 抓住专家评论5. 可先看第一段和每段开头列出提纲 7学科网（北京）股份有限公司