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1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,10,The Study of Politicsas a ScienceWhy is the study of politics not called “politics” but “political science”? What renders the study of political science? This unit may help us find the answers by providing insight into the nature of political science a
2、nd the kind of work political scientists do.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,Text C,Lead-in,Lead-in task,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Firstly, there is a constitutional division of (1) _, each level being autonom
3、ous in at least one sphere of action. So an obvious sort of division, under a federal system, would be (2) _ in the hands of the central government or federal government, with education being a state or local responsibility. Secondly, each government is (3) _ in its constitutionally assigned area. T
4、hirdly, both levels act directly (4) _. Fourthly, both levels derive their powers from the sovereign, from the people or the (5) _, rather than from one another. Fifthly, therefore, neither can change the relationship unilaterally, and finally, such systems normally have (6) _. The states exist as o
5、f their own right.,Lead-in,Task 1 Listen to a short talk on classical federalism (联邦主义) and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,governmental functions,defence responsibilities,final and supreme,on the citizens,constitution,regional division
6、s,Task 2 Listen again and check your answers.,Text A,Critical reading and thinkingEnglish language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary Signpost language Formal English,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Definition of politi
7、cal science: the study of the struggles, both small and large, of who gets what, when, how, in an effort to develop general principles or theories about the way the world of politics works.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Major
8、sub-fields (Para 1) eight major sub-fieldsTo find out the sub-headings in Text A which demonstrates a more detailed sketch of the work political scientists do.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,1. Investigating relationships2. Bui
9、lding theories 1) What is hypothesis? Statements that researchers construct for the purpose of testing whether or not a certain relationship exists between two phenomena 2) How to build theories? By developing and testing hypothesis. e.g. We want to know whether presidential elections are affected b
10、y economic conditions.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Hypothesis: When the national unemployment rate is greater than seven percent at the time of the election, presidential incumbents are not reelected.,Unit 10 The Study of Po
11、litics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,3. Collecting data1) the dependent variable of the hypothesis: the reelection of incumbent presidents2) the independent variable: the national unemployment rate 3) the finding: In most cases the incumbent lost when the
12、national unemployment rate was greater than 7 percent at the time of a presidential election.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,5. Clear, consistent, objective writingavoid the use of impressionistic or metaphorical language;persu
13、ade through their command of the facts and their ability to relate those facts to theories;clarity and concision (e.g. clearly define terms/concepts)operationalize key termsoperationalization: the process of specifying the extension of a concept describing what is and is not a part of that concept,U
14、nit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,e.g. angerIt is difficult to measure “anger” in empirical research. We need to have more precise criteria with which to measure or assess it. Such criteria in this case can include facial expressio
15、n, choice of vocabulary, loudness and tone of voice.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Specialized vocabulary,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Translate the following terms into Chinese:,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,1 political science2 comparative politics3 intern
16、ational relations4 political methodology5 public policy6 public administration,Do Task 2 on page 204,Signpost language,2) Major signposts that signal key aspects of yourwork, such as structure, main points, conclusion etc.,There are two kinds of signpost language:,1) Linking words and phrases that w
17、e have discussed in previous units.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Signpost language,To summarize the findings of the study This study has shown that The main finding of this thesis is that This study demonstrates that,Here are some examples h
18、ighly useful in academic writing:,To remind the reader of the purpose or focus of the study The present study investigates The aim of this study was to This study set out to assess the impact of,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Signpost language
19、,To point out the limitations of the study The study has a number of possible limitations. The main limitation of this study is that The above analysis does not enable us to determine,To indicate the importance of the findings This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine These results descr
20、ibe for the first time Only one other study, to our knowledge, has examined,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,To recommend further research Future studies with statistical analyses would be of interest. Several questions remain to be resolved; in
21、 particular More research in this area is necessary before Further studies are required to establish,Signpost language,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,After class, find a published paper in your discipline, scan the paper and highlight themajor
22、 signposts. Check if you find the above expressions in the paper.,2,Formal English,Go over the tips on how to make your writing appropriate for academic writing.Then do Task 3 on page 206.,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,1 political science _2
23、comparative politics _3 international relations _4 political methodology _5 public policy _6 public administration _,Suggested answers,Text A,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Language building-up,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Translate the following terms into Chinese.,政治学,比较政治,国际关系,政治学方法论
24、,公共政策,公共行政管理,1. Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics.,Translate the following sentences into English using the above terms.,Suggested answers,Text A,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Language building-up,Task 1 Speci
25、alized vocabulary,2. Comparative politics is a subfield of political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.,3. International relations research covers international politics, current affairs, diplomacy, and global cultures.,4. Political methodology is a subf
26、ield of Political Science that studies the quantitative methods used to study politics.,Translate the following sentences into English using the above terms.,Suggested answers,Text A,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Language building-up,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,5. Public policy is a g
27、overnmental attempt to address a public issue.,6. One of the oldest professions, public administration has long involved logistical issues of government.,1. generalized use of “you” Corrected Version: Evidence of abuse is frequently found as soon as the public administration issues are studied caref
28、ully.,Suggested answers,Text A,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Language building-up,Task 3 Formal English,2. use of contractions like couldnt, cant, isnt Corrected Version: The panel could not establish the cause of the disaster and in the end no blame was attached to the company.,3. inap
29、propriately informal language like great Corrected Version: The results of the government study were highly useful because they enabled the university to fund the new department.,Suggested answers,Text A,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Language building-up,Task 3 Formal English,4. rhetori
30、cal questions should be avoided Corrected Version: It is questionable whether the Design School Model provides a practical solution to the problem of strategy formulation.,Text B,Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as
31、a Science,The two sub-headings indicate the structure of the text:,Text Analysis,1. The primary task of the major in political science,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,2. The context of political study,Text Analysis,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,
32、Compare traditional political science education and the authors suggestions about it.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,civic education, political socialization,maximizing students capacity to analyze, and even shape political events and governmental processes,education for citizenship, edu
33、cation for public service, international relations,knowledge of political science and related disciplines,political scientists, good citizens,U.S.-centered,the whole world, including non-Western cultures,Do Task 2 on page 211.,Text Analysis,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 10 The Study of P
34、olitics as a Science,Text B,Difficult sentences,It should aim at turning politically interested and concerned students, whatever their career plans or their other interests, into politically literate college graduates. (Para. 4), It should try to educate any college students (even if they are not po
35、litical science students) who are interested in or concerned with political issues to have the basic working knowledge of political science.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text B,Difficult sentences,It should equip them intellectually to comprehend and deal with their political world aft
36、er graduation, in ways appropriate to their individual inclinations, be it “merely” as intelligent citizens, as journalists, as active participants in business or in electoral politics, as candidates for office or as public officials, or even as academic political scientists. (Para. 4), It should he
37、lp them after graduation from college to understand and handle political issues in ways that satisfy their personal goals which can vary from just being an intelligent citizen, to being a journalist, an active participant of business or politics, or even being a political science academian.,Unit 10
38、The Study of Politics as a Science,Text B,Difficult sentences,We do not believe we are abandoning or short-changing them. (Para. 4), We do not think we are giving up on students or just not doing our best to educate them.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text B,Difficult sentences,It is in
39、cumbent on political science to communicate not just the fact of ethnic and cultural pluralism, but some sense of the rapidly growing, intricate global interdependence of the lives and activities of all the worlds nations and people. (Para.5), It is the duty of political science to not just tell stu
40、dents that there are many ethnic groups and different cultures in the world, but also to develop their awareness of how these groups and cultures are increasingly becoming interdependent of each other.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Text B,Difficult sentences,political power realities of
41、 a bygone era (Para. 6), the past political power realities that is no longer the reality,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,how specific cultural biases color their own outlooks as well as those of “others” (Para. 9), how specific cultural biases blind them to their own point of views and t
42、hose of people who they see as others,Specialized vocabulary and Collocations,English language for academic purpose,civic educationpolitical socializationgovernmental actionselectoral politicspublic officialspopulation explosionbygone eraminority groupsacquaint sb. with,Text B,Unit 10 The Study of P
43、olitics as a Science,Text C,Suggested answers,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,UN: _UNCED:_ NGO:_WSSD:_EDC:_LDC:_,Suggested answers,Text C,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Task Write the full names of the following acronyms(首字母缩写词) with the help of the text or dictionaries.,Unite
44、d Nations,UN Conference on Environment and Development,non-Government Organization,World Summit on Sustainable Development,Economically developed country,Least Developed Country,Listening,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Listening tasks,Listening,Academic activities,integrated practiceRevi
45、ew what academic listening strategies we have covered in the previous units.Do Task 1 and Task 2 on pages 214-215.,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Listening,Task 1 Why are people poor?,Listening tasks,Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the notes according to what you have hea
46、rd.,people were poor because they were not working hard.,people were poor because it was their fate.,the culture of poverty view,Neo-Marxist view,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,Listening,Task 3 Listen to the lecture for a third time and complete the sentences according to what you have h
47、eard.,Listening tasks,Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science,1. The poverty line is the below which people cannot afford to they require to live.2. People were poor because they were . Thats how they were born.3. The poor seemed to be thriftless, , undisciplined, and , and morals.4. So the first view seems to be that people are poor because of whereas the second view seems to suggest that they have the because of their poverty.,