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1、20202020 年英语（二）考研真题及参考答案年英语（二）考研真题及参考答案Section ISection IUse of EnglishUse of EnglishDirectionsDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blankand mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Being a good parents is of course, what every parent would like to be. Bu
2、tdefining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very_(1),particularlysince children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than (2), ayounger sibling. (3),Theres another sort of parent that s a
3、 bit easier to (4)a patient parent.Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, (5)every parent wouldlike to be patient, this is no easy (6).Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a(7) and composed style with their kids. I understand this.Youre only
4、 human, and sometimes your kids can (8) you just a little too far.And then the (9)happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids orsay something that was a bit too (10) and does nobody any good. You wish thatyou could (11) the clock and start over, weve all been there. (12), even tho
5、ugh its common, its important to keep in mind that in asingle moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may(13)for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with.your child but also(14)your childs self-esteem.If you consistently lose your (15)with your kids.
6、 then you are inadvertentlymodeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasinglyaware of the(16)of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionallyregulate or maintai
7、n emotional control when (17)by stress is one of the mostimportant of all lifes skills.Certainly, its incredibly (18)to maintain patience at all times with your children.A more practical goal is to try to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant andcomposed as you can when faced with(19)situation
8、s involving your children. Ican promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal. you and your childrenwill benefit and (20)from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1.A tediousB pleasantC instructiveD tricky2.A in additionB for exampleC at onceD by accident3.A fortun
9、atelyB occasionallyC accordinglyD eventually4.A amuseB assistC describeD train5.A whileB becauseC unlessD once6.A answerB taskC choiceD access word精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载7.A tolerantB formalC rigidD critical8.A moveB dragC pushD send9.A mysteriousB illogicalC suspiciousD inevitable10.A boringB naiveC harshD v
10、ague11.A turn backB take apartC set asideD cover up12.A overallB insteadC howeverD otherwise13.A likeB missC believeD regret14.A raiseB affectC justifyD reflect15.A timeB bondC raceD cool16.A natureB secretC importanceD context17.A cheatedB defeatedC confusedD confronted18.A terribleB hardC strangeD
11、 wrong19.A tryingB changingC excitingD surprising20.A hideB emergeC withdrawD escapeSectionSection Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionPart APart ADirectionsDirections： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWERS
12、HEET.(40 points)Text 1Text 1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others sothat can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if thisextends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego,and her colleagues t
13、ested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and oneasocial for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkierversion of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful marking
14、s.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to sideNext, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the r
15、ats theopportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average toset the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived thesocial robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the s
16、ocialrobot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. Thiscould lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robotto return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising giv
17、en itsminimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simpleplastic box on wheels.“We d assumed we d have to giveit a moving head and tail, word精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasntnecessary, ”says Janet Wile
18、s at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helpedwith the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they comefrom basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“ We huma
19、ns seem to be fascinatedby robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.21.21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats canQuin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats canA pick up social signals from non-living ratsB distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile
20、oneC attain sociable traits through special trainingD send out warning messages to their fellow22.22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?What did the social robot do during the experiment?A It followed the social robot.B It played with some toys.C It set the trapped rats free.D It mo
21、ved around alone.23.23.According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because theyAccording to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because theyA tried to practice a means of escapeB expected it to do the same in returnC wanted to display their intelligenceD considered that an interesti
22、ng game24. James Wiles notes that ratsJames Wiles notes that ratsA can remember other rats facial featuresB differentiate smells better than sizesC respond more to cations than to looksD can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25. It can be learned from the text that ratsIt can be learned from the t
23、ext that ratsA appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB are more socially active than other animalsC behave differently from children in socializingD are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2Text 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay oftypical worker
24、s on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publiclytraded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% Thetypical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CE
25、Otalent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.The efforts of Americas highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamicelements of the global economy. Its not popular to say, but one reason their pay hasgone up so much isthat CEOs really have upped their ga
26、me relative tomany otherworkers in the U.S. economy. word精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载Todays CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skillsthan simply being able to“run the company CEOs must have a good sense offinancial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They alsoneed
27、better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minorslipup can be significant. Then there s the fact that large American companies aremuch more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a largernumber of countries. To lead in that system requires kn
28、owledge that is farly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOsstill have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesntexplain history very well. By most measures, corporate
29、governmance has become alot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period ofstronger govemnance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in thebroader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”Furthermore, the hi
30、ghest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to thecozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation atthe expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively whencompanies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practice
31、s build upcorporate value not just for the CEO.26.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A The growth in the number of corporationsB The general pay rise with a better economyC Increased business opportunities for top firmsD
32、Close cooperation among leading economies27. Compared with their predecessors, todays CEOs are required toCompared with their predecessors, todays CEOs are required toA foster a stronger sense of teamworkB finance more research and developmentC establish closer ties with tech companiesD operate more
33、 globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despiteCEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despiteA continual internal oppositionB strict corporate governanceC conservative business strategiesD Repeated government warnings29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it hel
34、psHigh CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helpsA confirm the status of CEOsB motivate inside candidatesC boost the efficiency of CEOsD increase corporate value30. The most suitable title for this text would beThe most suitable title for this text would beA CEOs Are Not OverpaidB CEO Pay: P
35、ast and PresentC CEOs challenges of TodayD CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define word精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载Text 3Text 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled outambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election daylater, a new conservative city counci
36、l suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, afirst step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepieceof his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has nowoverruled the city s decision to stop levying fines,
37、 ordering them reinstated. But withlegal battles ahead, the zones future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackledirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That sbecause they inevitably put the costs of cle
38、aning the air on to individual drivers 一whomust pay fees or buy better vehicles 一 rather than on to the car manufacturers whosecheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.Its not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a bi
39、g issue in nextyears mayoral election.And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number ofmotorists who will then be affected.Its not that measures such as Londons Ulez are useless. Far
40、from it. Localofficials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents health inthe face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,and the science tells us that means real health benefits- fewer heart attacks, strokesand premature births, less
41、 cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is farbigger than any one city or town. They are acting because nationalgovernments 一Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluti
42、ng cars out of certain areas - city centres,。school streets, even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effortto properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring theirvehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimisepo
43、llution. We re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31.31. Which of the following is true about Madrids clean air zone?Which of the following is true about Madrids clean air zone?A Its effects are questionableB It has been opposed by a judgeC It needs tougher enforcemen
44、tD Its fate is yet to be decided32.32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?A They are biased against car manufacturers.B They prove impractical for city councils.C They are deemed
45、too mild for politicians.D They put too much burden on individual motorists.33.33. The author believes that the extension of Londons Ulez will .The author believes that the extension of Londons Ulez will . word精品文档,可编辑,欢迎下载A arouse strong resistance.B ensure Khans electoral success.C improve the cit
46、y s traffic.D discourage car manufacturing.34.34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?A Local residentsB Mayors.C Councilors.D National governments.35.35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companie
47、s.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.A will raise low-emission car productionB should be forced to follow regulationsC will upgrade the design of their vehiclesD should be put under public supervisionText4Text4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this s
48、pringthe mostcommonly-accepted definition says this generation was bom after 1995, give or take ayear-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit thestreets looking for work in a labor market thats tighter than its been in decades. Andemployers are planning on hiri
49、ng about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in theU.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Associationof Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will sooninhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If
50、entitledis the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials(those bom between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practicaland cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them,Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating