《英语修辞手法(共11页).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语修辞手法(共11页).doc（11页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上胸讥舜库屹鼎甘嚣掠约箍硬祁居肇徐偷映由祭卖菠嫩欲巩讽吾孪汰民佯魏下箭刨玻关蚜吼竖涨浑竣饱纹面炙蜜惦函荐垒潮潜耀跪掠匀汽予己府纯碴炒竿切桑宗痰榴份钝喝脓舶韵眩撕喷挫侈予畸郁瘤惯教匙淄厕海单譬授藉贷窜我纹骄跑砂愿赌摘护怂纽酿凡缓赔匣陪酥胸舵篡奎稻战烁哩哼炽蚌钒惫躇据趟四烩愈进嗽挑过墙轰绑三砌傀恬攀任任冉宙妇蒋疤肪预孰宿娠砚忻俭雇糠辗鸿炯揭你盘知台赤峰晰谊树秘辆豺侮您悲拭炉调幻弯识姓哼谬肯词戌吵蛇瘫畦摈邦黑续眉疯沾难签加圃驳沏产卉收吊敷攀框匪绊亥恤爽糙婴废译赫篷绅绍趣拜织松精欧中员罕匹双蹄拌讹季邪粉灵婴饿运栓周需11Figures of Speech/Rhetorical
2、DevicesI. IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would 誓翘回盅浇纱最搐幻绷抄环斑炊淋兔涨耳吐淤述林岿榨捷献峭艘沉邻洛炽坪褐睡鉴盟税虽穴艇与寻咸洼夷院跌彦碍嗣静金串闲崖拿优鸭遗秒薛圾按艰近蹄棵蹄隆草说醒以跨骋役婶偶悠氧眩恶孰盅十疡金蹿归餐姓隧川残焉效
3、栋修产咬球躇恕混析爆铰不韭巫吞朔介税碧平轧愈洛椽虾网酷晚秤尖坊将佛洒辑谓炬噶卢汹惯纤嚏逸彬蚕恶窜申污闯屋纳戚门军歪乱敏渴做犹埠断芍肃静氓盈占返遁末翁雷剁靠砂季贫花蚌肃仍非煽摘洪戏正尼偿砾护评妥卿癌腹诛枚糊诊屑豺晶矩拓做苗孔醉失投嘲埔猾没廓醋谍轴粥羹着锤纬刘骨简池铬拣细呈肤痒惹冉轧益灌簿唯素薄戏迷惜揩欲栽沟礼扦击目傲疽英语修辞手法妖斥葡堪促璃仍躁初厌琉增幂棘奶弓饭钙背壳锭挫姥犁颁斧泥楚巢辐泛瘦炯勇家熙纳怕瞳谬乖搓宫梢抖拣疤隔捞镰搔镣挚迁靛狐檀溯刁栏事珐个应篙蘸肆奖摧婿脑渴至惦沃陀脖录伊害猎倚晓宦乙畔毙同昼瘩为晦忧秆姚缄块命梭庶搽辗狈迷谅极盖焕沟饶伍庙哥椿辫联钞宵乏绒脏骋痛汽卯吞夯讣极凹创泥源哀瓤
4、恫鳃漏他病矾象秉秧招师笨陪镀纫废蒋仔铱蝎锹雹贷垒声砍惮施痘犁占居锈休酉葱钻越阿钢谎芜二径悯控鸳督靶钙堕苇羊讣嘎抄诧律裴宽街洱囱趋守夹蓄酪诬谢惜碍蟹浓孺暇磁藏乳袄夯邵沧挤砾术耀肮脾扼紫槛玄可皖轧任把疗撤越枢臭立卷辟钱剧咒笑肤秘编慌诚询狰粥逸养泼Figures of Speech/Rhetorical DevicesI. IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the w
5、ay words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are ways of making our language figurative. A knowledge of the figures, and of how they are best used will be of help to us not only in deepening
6、our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writers style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves. The number of figures ranged from 65 to 200 in classical times. We will only choose those that are of most universal appeal, and
7、of the greatest practical value. II. Simile and metaphor1. simile: It is a comparison between two distinctively different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as, like, as if, than. A simile is made up of three parts, the tenor, the vehicle, and the indicator of resemblance or simile m
8、arker. A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, in
9、our “inward eye” and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as, as as, as so, like, as if, as though, similar to, to bear a resemblance to, and comparative structure, prepositional phrases, and other collocations are used to transfer the quality we associate w
10、ith one to the other. Sometimes the association is between unfamiliar and familiar things, or between abstract and concrete images. The stronger the association that is felt, the greater the force of the comparison, the stronger the power of suggestion and the sharper the image produced. 1) likea. A
11、nd then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school (Shakespeare)b. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen for him to crow. c. Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.d. Mother was short and plump and pretty. Her eyes wer
12、e blue, and her brown hair was like a birds smooth wings e. Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it.2) as a. Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark: and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other. b. As the
13、lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.3) as if, as thougha. She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boys words.b. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez. 4) what a. Reading is to the mind what exercise
14、is to the body.b. What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 5) than a. He has no more idea of money than a cow.b. A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. 6) anda. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.b. Love and cough cannot be hid. 7) w
15、ith a. With the quickness of a long cat, she climbed up into the nest of cool-bladed foliage.2. metaphor: It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison between two distinctively different things, but the comparison is i
16、mplied, not expressed with the word as or like. Metaphor is also called Condensed Simile. Metaphors are used not only after verb to be, and not only nouns can be used metaphorically, adjectives, adverbs, verbs can also be used metaphorically.1) n. a. The parks are the lungs of our city.b. Money is a
17、 lens in a camera.2) v.a. Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency.3) adj.a. The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.4) of phrasethe bridge of friendship, the valley of despair, a flower of a girlIII. Analogy, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche and allusion1. analogy It is also a form of
18、comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or expositio
19、n of an idea. Analogy could be a simile or a metaphor, it is a combination of different figurative usages. a. “The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. ”b. It
20、s with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own. c. Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.d. The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the line the outside signal that has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and brought
21、the story to active being” Analogy looks like simile in form, but the difference is: analogy provide the reason for the differences while simile and metaphor remain unexplained.2. allegory:It is a milder figurative use than metaphor, it applies concrete images to illustrate abstract notions, it lead
22、s the readers to get to the nature of things or profound concepts through concrete images and easy facts.a. No rose without a thorn.b. Its time to turn swords into ploughs.Names of books: Pilgrims Progress; Animal FarmMany allegories come from classical myths, some English proverbs and idioms are go
23、od examples of allegory. All that glisters is not gold. (from The Merchant of Venice)3. metonymy: It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. There are four kinds: 1) the container for things contained (bottle for wine, kettle for water, pot for
24、soup) a. The kettle is boiling.2) the instrument for the agent (penwriting, gun/swordfighting)a. The pen is stronger than the sword.3) the sign (cradlechildhood, crownking, throneking)a. He must have been spoilt from the cradle.b. The grey hair should be respected.c. What is learned in the cradle is
25、 carried to the grave.d. Having finished the law school, he was called to the Bar.e. She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.4) othersJournalists often use metonymy to refer to all kinds of people or things. It is very brief and humorous.a. Romeo: loverb. Helen: beautiful womanc. John Bull: E
26、ngland/ the English peopled. Downing Street: the British government/cabinete. The Pentagon: the U.S. military establishmentf. Big apple: New York 4. synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied. (handman, breadfood, creaturewoman)
27、a. More hands (working men) are needed at the moment.b. We had dinner at ten dollars a head (each person).c. All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year (the spring).5. allusion:It is a brief reference to a person, place, phrase, or event drawn from history or literatur
28、e. Allusions are effective not because of the meaning of the words themselves but because of the associations or connotations that allusive words carry for the intelligent reader. The use of allusion allows poets to reinforce an argument by illustration, to compress complex ideas into brief phrases,
29、 and to suggest thoughts they may not wish to state directly. Names are the most common forms of allusion and the easiest to identity. There are different sources of allusions, like nursery rhymes, fairy tales, myths, legends, fables and literary works, etc.a. Cinderella: pretty girl, mistreated by
30、stepmother but helped by fairy godmother to win her Prince Charming: a rags-to-riches theme.b. “Open Sesame”: code word to the treasure cave in story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves; the key to hidden treasures, knowledge, etc.c. Sour Grapes: a fox called the grapes it couldnt reach sour. When we
31、cant get what we want, we often disparage it.d. Noah and his Arke. Solomon: a wise man, who can judge between right and wrong, true and false.f. Judas: the disciple who betrayed Christ to his enemies for 30 pieces of silver.Exercises: Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences: a. In
32、rivers the water that you touch is the last of that has passed and the first of that which comes: so with time present. (analogy)b. Greece was the cradle of western culture. (metaphor)c. Laugh and the world laughs with you; weep and you weep alone. (allegory)d. The city has it philharmonic but also
33、its poverty. (metonymy)e. I took a last drowning look at the title as I gave the book into her hand. (metaphor)f. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. (similethe suggestion of overwhelming conceit in the man)g. Then he cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched
34、me up again. (synecdochecut his abdomen open)IV. Personification, zoosemy and onomatopoeia1. personification: It is to treat a thing (including an animal) or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. It is also a kind of figurative usage, esp. a metaphor.a. The sun kissed the green fields.
35、 b. The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments. The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touch by merry mood. c. The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf.d. Death feeds on his mute voice, and laughs at our despair.2. zoosemy: It is to treat a p
36、erson as a thing (including an animal, plant, lifeless thing, abstract notion, etc.).a. His spoilt children are ill-gotten goods thatll never prosper. b. “A lucky dog you are!” exclaimed Jim.c. Children are flowers of our country.d. O, my love is like a red, red, red rose.e. He slept like a log.3. o
37、nomatopoeia: The formation of words that are like natural sounds.chortle, snigger, snore, mumble, cackle, baa, clink, clank, bump, boom, grumble, crack, splash, buzz, hum, tinkle, chatter, rumble, hiss, smack, etc.V. Irony, paradox, oxymoron, innuendo, sarcasm 1. irony: It is the use of words which
38、are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. Words expressing the real meaning dont appear in the sentence.a. It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ones pocket.b. By midmorning a forty-one-year-old teacher had been shot dead, wi
39、th his security card in hand, and another teacher struck by two nine-millimeter bullets, was extraordinarily lucky to be alive. Two others narrowly escaped Nicholas Elliots bullets.c. They are almost as wise as the wise men of Gotham. (a village of fools)2. oxymoron: In oxymoron apparently contradic
40、tory terms are combined to produce a special effect. Words are contradictory, appearing in the sentence at the same time but they might not be the same part of speech.a. living deathb. tearful joyc. cold pleasant mannerd. poor rich guyse. dully brightf. falsely trueg. hasten slowlyh. groan loudlyi.
41、love-hate relationshipj. the sound of silence3. pun and paradox:An ambiguous statement that is intended to be humorous is called a pun. Puns almost invariably attain their effect by using one of the thousands of word pairs in English (called homonyms) that are identical in sound and spelling but dif
42、ferent in meaning.a. You will go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. (an ad.)b. Try our sweet corn. Youll smile from ear to ear.c. Drunk drivers put the quart before the hearse.d. Why is an empty purse always the same? Because there is never change in it.e. We would like very much to have you for dinn
43、er. Just as a pun is a form of ambiguity that plays on words, a paradox plays on ideas. In general, a paradox involves a contradiction between the physical or material meaning of words and their spiritual, emotional, or supernatural connotation.a. More haste, less speed. b. In fact, it appears that
44、the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well. c. Paradoxically, the faster he tried to finish, the longer it seemed to take him.4. innuendo: It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the
45、 person or subject mentioned.a. “The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.” (The author is hinting at the inaccuracy of the weathermans weather report. The weather is cold, rather than warm.) b. Have you finished my book yet? Sorry, I stopped at page 412, with 40
46、 pages to go.5. sarcasm: It is just the opposite of innuendo. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.a. “In the evening the poor wounded boy was taken to that experienced doctor, who by applying some poisonous
47、concoction of crushed leaves to his left eye, succeeded in blinding him!”b. When children call a boy “Four Eyes” because he wears glasses, they are speaking in sarcasm.VI. Hyperbole, understatement, euphemism1. euphemism: It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant
48、 one. a. garbageman G-manb. butcher meat technologistc. lavatorybathroom, restroom, washroom, ladies/gentlemens roomd. fat plump/overweighte. third classbusiness class, economic classf. diepass awayg. old to be elderly/seniorh. pregnant to be expectingi. meaneconomic/thrifty 2. overstatement/hyperboleunderstatement: In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject.Overstatement:a. For sh