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1、大学听英语语法专题大学听英语语法专题Chapter 1 General IntroductionBefore learning grammar, please think over and answer the following questions:1.What is grammar? How do you understand it?2.Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? Why or why not?3.How many parts of speech (词类)are there in English?4.What are N
2、otional words (实词)and Form words(虚词)?5.由短语构成的词类有几种?6.什么是短语(词组)? 短语分为多少类?7.句子的主要成份有哪些？句子的主要成份-主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语 句子种类: 陈述句 (declarative sentence)按功能划分 祈使句 (imperative sentence) 感叹句 (exclamatory sentence) 疑问句 (interrogative sentence) 一般疑问句(general question) 疑问句 特殊疑问句(special) 选择疑问句(alternative) 反意疑问句(d
3、isjunctive) 简单句 (simple sentence) 按结构划分 并列句 (compound sentence) 复合句 (complex sentence) 名词名词 一、名词的知识点归类一、名词的知识点归类(1)名词的词义辨析(2)可数名词单、复数变化形式(3)不可数名词的数(4)名词所有格(5)名词作定语 学习重点：学习重点：(1)掌握名词的准确意义和近义词的区别。(2)掌握可数名词变复数的规则变化和不规则变化。(3)掌握不可数名词可用作可数名词且词义发生变化的用法。(4)掌握名词“s”所有格和“of”属格的用法。(5)掌握名词作定语的用法。熟熟 读读 深深 思思1. 名词
4、的数名词的数 (1) He says that physics is very interesting and he likes it very much. (2) He told me that the furniture in that house is new. (3) She said it was interesting to play with the chickens on his uncles farm last weekend. (4) Lily said that the chicken her mother cooked was very delicious. (5) I
5、m told that they have many cattle on their farms. (6) My family are going with me.(7) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(8) How many deer are there in Dafeng now?(9) We are all Chinese, but he is Japanese. (10) Strangely, there were many lookerson there, but no
6、ne was brave enough to stop the fight. (11) Now you are grownups, so you should help your parents support your family. (12) In the past, most women have many children each. (13) Its said that the Browns are going to come to see us this weekend. (14) Its necessary for a student to have a knowledge of
7、 English.归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则1: 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词多为学科名词， 如：physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States，如：(1)。规则规则2: 表示一类事物总称的名词，常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”。如：machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence，如：(2)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则3: 有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。如
8、：chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡； fish鱼(尾数)，鱼肉 / fishes 各种鱼； paper纸 / papers试卷； water水 / waters水域；room空间/rooms房间；time 时间/times时代；arm手臂/ arms武器等，如：(3)、(4)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则4: 有些名词形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义。如：people, police, _cattle_， _staff_， _public_， the adj., the 分词(表示一类人)，如：(5)。规则规则5：对于集体名词，当它表示一个整体时，视作单数；当它侧重各个成员，视
9、作复数，如：(6)、(7)。规则规则6: 有些名词单复数同形。如：fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works，如：(8)、(9)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则7: 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”，一是合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。如：lookerson 参观者，sonsinlaw 女婿，editorsinchief主编，shoemakers 鞋匠。二是如果没有主体名词，在最 后 一 个 词 上 加 复 数 ( 词 尾 ) 。 如 ：gobetw
10、eens 中间人，grownups 成人，followups 续集，goodfornothings 饭桶。三是man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，定语和被修饰词都变成复数。如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officials，如(10)、(11)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则8：不规则名词的“数”： 常用改变元音字母或词尾加en等方法构成， woman women, child children, ox oxen, tooth teeth, goose geese, foot feet, mouse mice, phenomeno
11、n phenomena, analysis analyses，如：(12)。规则规则9：专有名词的“数”：在姓氏名词上加“s”变成复数，如：史密斯一家人(the Smiths)，两个玛丽 _two_Marys_，如：(13)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则10：有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种，一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。抽象名词表示具体或特定事物时，可具体化，其前面须有不定冠词。如：a pleasure / pity / surprise / success / failure / shame, an honor /a bright future / a strong c
12、haracter / a great help / a waste of time，如：(14)。熟熟 读读 深深 思思2. 名词所有格名词所有格 (1) Its ten minutes drive from here to my school. (2) Childrens book should be simple with interesting pictures. (3) Students uniforms should be clear and lovely. (4) Beijing is the capital of China. (5) Marys and Joans coats
13、are different. (6) Mary and Jacks house is very large and beautiful.(7) Alice told me that she would go to the chemists, for her father didnt feel himself. (8) He said that he learnt it from a friend of his brothers. 归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则1：英语中表示有生命名词的所有格时，在词尾加“s”，如：the boys bag，mens room。此外，表示时间、距离、长度、重量、
14、价格、世界、国家等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“s”来表示所有关系，意为：“ 的”，如：a teachers book，a twenty minutes walk, ten miles journey，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth，如：(1)、(2)。规则规则2：若名词已有复数词尾s，只加“”，如：the workers struggle，如：(3)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则3：of 属格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our co
15、untry, the color of the flowers，如：(4)。规则规则4：如果两个名词并列，若分别有加“s”，则表示“分别有”；若只有后一个名词加“s”，则表示两个“共有”。如：Johns and Marys rooms(两间)；John and Marys room(一间)，如：(5)、(6)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则5：省略格：在表示店铺或教堂，诊所的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词，如：在诊所at the doctors；在我姐家at my sisters，如：(7)。规则规则6：双重格：of 名词“s”结构， 如 a friend of my
16、fathers, works of Lu Xuns，如：(8)。熟熟 读读 深深 思思3. 名词作定语名词作定语 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空(1) Theres a _stone_ (stone) bridge over the river. (2) Her daughter works in a _shoe_(shoe) shop. (3) There are three _women_ (woman) _doctors_ (doctor) in that clinic. (4) We hold a _sports_(sport) meeting each term. 归归 纳纳 总总 结
17、结 名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词，表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。规则规则1：名词作定语时通常用名词的单数形式。如： a shoe shop(鞋店), street lamps(路灯), a book case(书柜)等等，如：(1)、(2)。 规则规则2：man和woman作定语时， 常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)” 式，如：(3)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则3：名词clothes, sports, parents, sales, arms等用复数形式作定语。如：arms control (武器控制), sports meeting (运动会), clothes shop (服装店), customs officer (海关人员), sales manager (销售经理)等，如：(4)。Assignment:1.自学名词的性(gender)部分 (feminine gender阴 性 ; masculine gender阳性 and neutral中性)2.熟悉名词在句子中的作用