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1、Translation from the Cross-cultural Perspective 4. Translation from the Cross-cultural Perspective Translation is not any more a procedure merely between the source and the target texts and translators stand alone in the two languages, but a communicative interflow, a cross-cultural act, and a compl
2、etely complex of conduct involving cooperation among translators, from the source client to the receiver, thus the translator plays their role as specialists (Snell Hornby, 2001). Language bears the culture while culture record the formation as well as development of language. And translation is reg
3、arded as bridge for intercultural exchange. 4.1 Cross-cultural Communication In 20th century, human beings have obtained breakthroughs in science and technologies, which have greatly changed the world pattern and human life style. The advent of computer and international internet promoted humans int
4、o a new era which breaks the bounds of traditional space and leads people into a virtual world. All of these changes have shortened the distance of people from various countries and people are like living in a small village. Meanwhile the world economy fused rapidly, therefore the exchange among nat
5、ions become much more frequent. On this occasion, cross-cultural communication is of great importance. Besides the multiplicity in cultures, nations, customs and conventions, social values, grammars can sometimes cause potential barriers to communications and reduce the efficiency of communications,
6、 thus making misunderstandings on both sides. All of these may give rise to unnecessary troubles. As a new, emerging frontier science, cross-cultural communication came into being in such background and it made to adapt to the increasingly advanced cross-cultural communications. Cross-cultural commu
7、nication can also be called inter-cultural communication which refers to the communication between disparate nations that is a person from various cultural setting exchanging with others from unlike cultures. Cross-cultural communication first appeared in America which is a nation of immigrants and
8、cultural collisions often happen in this country. People across the world struggle to protect their own culture and so multi-cultural pattern of America took shape. The research on cross-cultural communication raises the concern of people who are from various fields of America. Cross-cultural commun
9、ication began in the 1950s and the foundation stone of this discipline was The Silent Language written by American anthropologist Edward Hall. In this book, cross-cultural communication first occurred. 71994-2017 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved, http:/ 23 山西师范
10、大学学位论文 In Asia, Japan was the first country to hold the first cross-cultural seminar and the attendance was more than two thousand scholars from all over the world. In 1974, Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research was formally published in America. Currently the research on cross-
11、cultural communication has become a hot topic which attracts the attention of the whole world. Research on cross-cultural communication in China started late and the cross-cultural discipline is a new and young subject which emerged due to the close communications among countries and the world econo
12、mic integration in domestic academia circles. In the 1980s, the focus on such researches centered on foreign language teaching as well as the relation in languages and cultures. In the 1990, a host of scholars make large communications to this research such as Hu Wenzhong and Guan Shijie and so on.
13、In their works, they did research from perspective of means of communications, communication object, thinking model, concept of values and so on. As to the tendency as well as features of intercultural researches, Hu Wenzhong had done lots of researches and finally he concluded that even though the
14、researches on the translation under cross-culture were diverse, and the domestic researches had make a great progress in this field compared with the abroad scholars in this area. Furthermore, he thought that the domestic researchers made some contributions to the development of this field no matter
15、 when it came to the compilation of relative textbooks or the exploration of theories and what the domestic scholars lacked was the empirical study. Scholars should pay attention to the phenomenon that the domestic researches on cross-culture are mostly related to associate this with linguistics. 4.
16、2 Cross-cultural Translation Researches on cross-culture and translation are not so many for the domestic academic circles. In 1980s, prestigious linguist Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies University started to devote himself in the investigation of inter-cultural communication and obtained gre
17、at accomplishments. In China the research on intercultural communication is the result of reform and open up and this is a strategy to introduce the whole our Chinese and Chinese culture. Besides it is also a comprehensive discipline which is a combination of many subjects. In a sense, among these s
18、ubjects, cultural linguistics pays much attention to culture and social linguistics stress society. Verbal communication centers on communication. These three facets lay much more emphasis on pragmatics. Therefore the cross-cultural communication discipline is established on these basic points. 24 7
19、1994-2017 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved, http:/ Translation from the Cross-cultural Perspective From the cross-cultural angle, translation is not only an activity to realize language conversion but also a process for the communication and fusion of diverse c
20、ultures. For one thing, it is possible to transplant elements of culture in the translation. Even though the phenomenon of the deficiency of vocabulary exists due to the diversity in cultural focuses, this does not indicate that two languages could not be transferred. Actually it proved that such ph
21、enomenona existed in human being 9s history. The distinguished French linguist and translation theorist G.Mounin laid much more emphasis on universaux cultures and put forward that “universe universaux, ecological universaux, physiological universaux objectively existed and they will undoubtedly lea
22、d to universaux language and make language conversion possible (G. Mounin, 1963). American translation theorist Nida held the same opinion with Mounin. Nida argued that ueven though the diversity between disparate cultures can be very large, the communications between different cultures were possibl
23、e due to human language universaux, culture similarities and humans cognition”（ Nida, 1993). For another, as regards to the relation in translation and cross-culture, most western scholars think translation to be a kind of cross-cultural research. It is inter-cultural exchange. Language had a close
24、relationship with culture and people who embarked on translation should be bilingual and at the same time they should also be bicultural. Translators should highlight the vital function of cultural elements in the practical translation activity through the discussion of connotative sense. Connotativ
25、e meaning is the cultural factors behind a language can not be neglected and so Hornby (2001) put forward that translation is a kind of cross-cultural event. The relation of translation and culture lies in that translation can have an impressive impact on two cultures and meanwhile it also was restr
26、icted by the culture of the two languages. When translators set about doing translation, they should attentively have a research on the formation of the culture in a certain period of time. 4.3 Communication and Translation Translation is the transformation in two languages for one thing, it is cult
27、ures translation for another. It transforms source language into target language across cultural and spatio-temporal. Each language has its specific cultural background and contains different connotation. The task of translation is that get target language readers fully understand the meaning of sou
28、rce language by crossing language and cultural barriers and thus achieve purpose of cultural transmission and exchange. As a media of intercultural exchange, translation makes a big difference in the communication and social evolution. “The 71994-2017 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing Hou
29、se. All rights reserved, http:/ 25 山西师范大学学位论文 relationship between man and his environment is today affected largely in the form of a permanent communication process in which, in many spheres, information from foreign countries plays almost as important a role as that from ones own country”（ Wilss,
30、2001). On account of indispensable role of translation in cross-cultural communication, it is important to give a superior quality of translation version on source language. The definition of translation argued that Translation is a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the sourc
31、e language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which the translator provides on the strength of an interpretation (Venuti, 1995). According to the definition come up with by Lawrence Venuti, in other words, translation is to present the sense of one language into another
32、. Owing to the various means of presentation of various languages, translation is not merely the word-to-word equivalent but linguistic or cultural equivalence. 4.4 Cultural Factors on English Translation of Chinese Network Catchwords There are three cultural factors affect translation of Chinese in
33、ternet catchwords into English from the viewpoint of cross-culture, and the details are analyzed below. 4.4.1 Cultural Context The context can be divided as cultural context and situational context. The translation of internet catchwords is a kind of inter-cultural activity and moreover is largely i
34、nfluenced by cultural context. From the point of view of cross culture, the cultural context impact on network catchwords reflects on the connotative meaning as well as cultural meaning of internet catchwords. Connotative meaning implies that the connotation of the vocabulary, which is different fro
35、m its original meaning. And this meaning is different from the denotative meaning and meanwhile it also includes social cultures and individual factors. Therefore when one set out to do the translation work on internet catchwords, he should confront two problems. One is that whether the translator s
36、hould adopt domestication translation in the translation of internet catchwords or not. The domestication translation is easy to be received by the English readers, however it is easy to lost the original text9s connotative meanings. If the translators employ foreignization translation method, the t
37、ranslated version will make the reader confused with the text even though the connotative meanings have been retained during the translation. A typical example is the translation of the network catchword “给力 At first the word is translated into “geilivable”. For the Chinese, they think this translat
38、ion version is perfect 26 71994-2017 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved, http:/ Translation from the Cross-cultural Perspective and it is vivid and exact. While with regard to the westerners, they may not apprehend the connotations of this word. Therefore some tr
39、anslators think that this work can be translated into “cool” or “awesome”. In this way, foreigners can understand the meanings of this word and unfortunately the vivid image of Chinese loses in this translation version. Translation itself is a sort of cross-cultural activity. Therefore when one emba
40、rks on the translation activities, he should fully consider about the special cultural connotations and at the same time multiple translation methods should be adopted in order to achieve the anticipated translation effects. The translation of the Chinese word “神马都是浮云 ” is a good example. There are
41、major three translation versions for this phrase. The first one is “all things are of no consequence just like floating clouds.” In this literal translation, “浮云 was translated into “floating clouds” and attempts to convey the real Chinese meaning. In Chinese, the phrase refers to not important thin
42、gs. However the foreigners often can not understand the real meaning of this translation. The second translation version is “Everything is nothing.” This translation fully interprets the original meaning and however the original cultural connotations lost in this translation. Therefore this version
43、is not a sound translation. The third one is “everything is just a flash in the pan.” This translation version adopted paraphrasing. “A flash in the pan” is to some extent similar with “浮云 and at the same time the author has expressed his respect for the target readers. The expressive effect of this
44、 translation version is much better than the other two. From the above instances, we can find that connotative meaning is pivotal in the C-E translation of Chinese network catchwords. Since translation is a bridge for the exchange with abroad, thus the translators should put the highest priority of
45、translation on the information transmission. 4.4.2 Cultural Similarities Cultures are not so rigid and conservative and usually they absorb and accept some other cultures such as Chinese and English. These two languages have some intersections in recent years and they have absorbed and accepted some
46、 aspects of the other culture. The network catchwords emerged during the golden times of economic globalization. In this era, the world is just like a small village and people tend to accept foreign cultures. It is not difficult to find out several similarities between two languages. Therefore the s
47、imilarities that 71994-2017 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved, http:/ 27 山西师范大 学学位论文 existed in two cultures can not be neglected in order to accurately render the Chinese internet catchwords. 4.4.2.1 Similarities in Analogy Firstly, there exist several similari
48、ties in analogy between two cultures. Analogy is a term in rhetoric and it is categorized into metaphor, simile and synecdoche. The images of the analogy are closely related with culture and the employment of analogy widely existed on the net. For example, “不要迷恋哥，哥只是传说 It is translated into “Dont be
49、 obsessed with me, because Im just a legend”， in which 传说 is translated into “legend”. “纠结 “ambivalent.” 元芳，你怎么看？ The sentence is translated into Yuanfang， what do you think?” “ 做人呢，最重要是开心 。 This sentence is translated into “Happiness is the way.” “至于你信不信，反正我是信了 This sentence is rendered as “Believe it or not, I am convinced.” “XX 很生气，后果很严重 is rendered as Someone is angry, and the consequence is severe.” From these network catchwords, we notice that there are some si