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1、2005年湖北大学考博英语真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Part Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answ
2、er on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Today, a high-level finance manager is just as likely to be a casual-looking 21-year-old as a balding executive. They have all either started their own companies or head a division within an existing firm. Most are under
3、30. Many of them share a tendency to think, speak and act fast. A detailed psychological study carried out recently on young business start-uppers aged over 25 revealed some common characteristics. The head psychologist at the University of Northumbria, Dr. Martyn Dyer-Smith, says We found that they
4、 are opportunists. They have that entrepreneurial ability to take whatever is in front of them and turn it to their advantage. Any fool can make US $ 2 if they are in the right place at the right time, what is much harder is to actually plan their business. Originally I had a hypothesis that they pl
5、anned a long time ahead, but I was wrong. What came across was a surprisingly short planning time. They took the opportunities as and when they came up. What cannot be underestimated, though, is self-confidence. There is an amazing, almost abnormal, belief in themselves and (they) go very much on in
6、tuition. Says Dyer-Smith. While there is no typical pattern to what puts someone in the fast lane, there are some common threads: living up to the expectations of parents, channeling excessive amounts of energy into business, or finding a way to overcome personal barriers such as dyslexia (a reading
7、 disability) or learning difficulties, for example. The biggest surprise was the lack of young women. This was particularly unexpected, given the recent publicity about how girls are performing better than boys at school and becoming more confident and ambitious. But young women are opting for more
8、secure careers rather than gambling with their future. With only a handful of female role models, some girls are not even considering being their own boss, let alone working on a concept fresh out of school, according to Dr Susan Vinnicombe, director of the center for the Development of Women Busine
9、ss Leader. Women are going more into the corporate structure and doing well there. But perhaps the reason that they are not doing business for themselves at an earlier age is because womens attitudes are different. They perceive risk in a different way to men, who are not worried about borrowing hug
10、e amounts of money if its going to help their business in the long term. Women are more cautious and more hesitant , she says. Vinnicombe sees the lack of female entrepreneurs as part of a larger problem about women and the IT industry. Given that the computer world is one of the key areas for growt
11、h, where youth is an asset, it is remarkable that so many women are missing out on it. The number of women in IT has actually dropped in the past 10 years. There is a real problem with attracting them to the IT industry, as girls dont seem to want to do it at university. Its become such a worrying i
12、ssue that I know the government is looking into ways to attract them.1.What is the passage mainly about?ALack of young managers all over the world.BFeatures of high-level finance managers.COrigins of the decline in female-dominated industry.DAims of a young woman fresh out of school.2.Which of the f
13、ollowing does not account for the success of the young businessmen?AThey never hesitate to take full advantage of the approaching opportunities.BThey have a strong confidence in their own abilities.CThey often base their work on long-term planning.DThey deal well with their personal advantages.3.Wha
14、t is suggested as a reason for the shortage of business women?AGirls do not perform so well as boys at school.BMost companies are reluctant to employ women.CBanks often refuse to give women large loans.DWomen are very worried about the risk-taking in their careers.4.From the text we can learn that _
15、.Asome managers are very young but already have their own business.Bsome managers are as casual and irresponsible as energetic young people.Cthe government is concerned about the lack of women in such a field as IT.DIT remains a minor area for growth.5.The passage shows that the author is _ the pres
16、ent situation.Acritical ofBamazed atCdisappointed atDpuzzled by Once upon a time, innovation at Procter & Gamble flowed one way: from the United States outward. While the large Cincinnati-based corporation was no stranger to foreign markets, it usually sold them products that were already familiar t
17、o most Americans. Many Japanese families, for instance, swaddle their babies in Pampers diapers, and lots of Venezuelans brush their teeth with Crest. And of course (company executive assumed) American at home wanted these same familiar, red-white and blue brands. We might buy foreign-made cars, or
18、chocolates, or cameras but household cleaners and detergents? Recently, however, P&G broke with this long-standing tradition. Ariel, a P&G laundry detergent, was born overseas, and is a familiar sight on store shelves in Europe and Latin America. Now bilingual packages of Ariel Ultra, a super-concen
19、trated cleaner, are appearing on supermarket shelves in Los Angeles. Ariels appearance in the United States reflects demographic changes making Hispanics the nations fastest-growing ethnic group. Ariel is a hit with this population. In fact, many Mexican immigrants living in Southern California have
20、 been importing Ariel from Tijuana, Mexico. Hispanics knew this product and wanted it, says P&G spokeswoman Marie Salvado. We realized that we couldnt convince them to buy (our) other laundry detergents. P&G hopes that non-Hispanic consumers will give Ariel a try too. Ariels already strong presence
21、in Europe may provide a springboard for the company to expand into other markets as well. Recently P&G bought Rakona, Czechoslovakias top detergent maker. Ariel, currently a top seller in Germany, is likely to be one of the first new brands to appear in Czech supermarkets. And Ariel is not the only
22、foreign idea that the company hopes to transplant back to its home territory. Chinch, an all-purpose spray cleaner similar to popular European products, is currently being test-marketed in California and Arizona. Traditionally Americans have used separate cleaners for different types of surfaces, bu
23、t market research shows that American preferences are becoming more like those in other countries. Insiders note that this new reverse flow of innovation reflects more sweeping changes at Procter & Gamble. The firm has hired many new Japanese, German, and Mexican managers who view P&Gs business not
24、as a one-way flow of American ideas, but a two-way exchange with other markets. Says Bonita Austin of the investment firm Wertheim-Schroeder, When you met with P&Gs top managers years ago, you wouldnt have seen a single foreign face. Today they could even be in the majority. As Procter & Gamble has
25、found, the United States is no longer an isolated market. Americans are more open than ever before to buying foreign-made products and to selling U. S.-made products overseas.6.According to the passage, which of the following is true?AThe brands of Pampers, Crest, Ariel, and Cinch reflect the tradit
26、ional one-way flow of Procter & Gamble.BIn spite of market changes, Procter & Gamble still sticks to its long-standing tradition of one-way flow innovation.CProcter & Gamble has to change its one-way flow tradition because of the increased number of its foreign managers.DToday one may meet more fore
27、ign faces in Procter & Gamble than years ago.7.According to the passage, all of the following are true about Ariel except _.Ait is the best seller in CzechoslovakiaBit is a laundry detergent product of Procter & GambleCAriel was born outside the United StatesDit already enjoys popularity in Europe8.
28、The insider (paragraph 5, line 1) is most probably _.Asomeone who buys both Ariel and CinchBsomeone who works within Procter & Gamble or knows it fairly wellCsomeone who is a loyal customer of ArielDsomeone once worked within Rakona9.According to the passage, Procter & Gamble hopes to transplant the
29、 foreign idea back to its home territory because _.AAmericans are more likely to buy foreign-made products than beforeBfor most Americans foreign products are much more attractive than home-made onesCthe company has found that foreign-made products are superior to home-made ones in terms of qualityD
30、the company has hired more foreigners in its top management than before10.The author may most probably agree that _.Ait is a trend that businesses today go globalBbusinesses today are very reluctant to go globalCAmerican businesses can make more money if they only sell home-made productsDthe market
31、of the United States should not be that open The climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that over the past century, the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius. This warming is thought to be at least partly the result of human activities, s
32、uch as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and national economies expand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasing by an additional 1.0 to 3.5 by the year 2100. Climate change is one of the most important en
33、vironmental issues facing humankind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems is essential if we are going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequences of climate change and maximize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural ecosystem
34、s are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Climate change may affect natural ecosystems in a variety of ways. In the short term, climate change can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long ter
35、m, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geographic distribution of major vegetation types-savannas, forests, and tundra. Climate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover, changes in
36、 these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate change-induced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services that these ecosystems provide to humans. The global average surface temperature increase
37、 of half a degree Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreases in the diurnal temperature range were first identified in the United States, where lar
38、ge-area trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum temperature have increased at a faster rate. In this issue, Alward et al. report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increases.11.Which of the fol
39、lowing is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?AThe burning of fuels such as coal or oil.BThe clearing of forests.CThe cultivation of farmland.DThe negative consequences of human activities.12.The second paragraph is primarily concerned with _.Athe potential impacts of climate change for
40、 natural ecosystemsBhow to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeChow to maximize the opportunities that climate change may offerDthe complex, nonlinear nature of natural ecosystems13.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the temperature increases _ observed over
41、 the past century?AIncreases of daily maximum temperatures.BDecreases of daily minimum temperatures.CIncreases of diurnal temperature range.DDecreases in the diurnal temperature range.14.In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to _.Adiscuss the global impacts of temperatur
42、es increasesBpresent a point of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphCintroduce Alwards report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperatures increasesDfurther illustrate the causes of the global average surface temperature increases15.The word diurnal (in
43、Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to _.Aday-and-nightsBeverydayCtwo daysDyearly The most damning thing that can be said about the worlds hest-endowed and richest country is that it is not only not the leader in health status, but that it is so low in the ranks of the nations. The United States rank
44、s 18th among nations of the world in male life expectancy at birth, 9th in female life expectancy at birth, and 12th in infant mortality. More importantly, huge variations are evident in health status in the United States from one place to the next and from one group to the next. The forces that aff
45、ect health can be aggregated into four groupings that lends to analysis of all health problems. Clearly the largest aggregate of forces resides in the persons environment. His own behavior, in part derived from his experiences with his environment, is the next greatest force affecting his health. Me
46、dical care services, treated as separate from other environmental factors because of the special interest we have in them, make a modest contribution to health status. Finally the contributions of heredity to health are difficult to judge. We are templated at conception as to our basic weaknesses an
47、d strengths, but many hereditary attributes never become manifest because of environmental and behavioral forces which act before the genetic forces come to maturity, and other hereditary attributes are increasingly being palliated by medical care. No other country spends what we do per capita for m
48、edical care. The care available is among the best technically, even if used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries which stand above us in health status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused by the significant proportion w