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1、【精品文档】如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流【最新资料】预应力混凝土桥梁顶推法施工.精品文档.The Incremental Launching MethodIn Prestressed Concrete Bridge Construction选自:VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD. Berne / switzerland1. Introduction1.1. GeneralFig. 1: Principle of constructionThe incremental launching method is one of the highly mechanized erec
2、tion methods used in bridge construction. The method consists of manufacturing the superstructure of a bridge by sections in a prefabrication area behind one of the abutments; each new unit is concreted directly against the preceding one and after it has hardened the resultant structure is moved for
3、ward by the length of one unit (fig.1). This principle has already been used for many years in the construction of steel bridges. This is hardly surprising, in view of the equal strength of steel in tension and compression since, provided the design is suitable, the alternating stresses which occur
4、when the bridge is slid forwards can be accepted without difficulty. This is not so with concrete, which can withstand only small tensile stresses without damage. Special measures are therefore necessary to enable concrete bridges to be slid forward by steps; the skilful use of prestressing is the m
5、ost important of these measures.The incremental launching method as applied today for prestressed concrete bridges was first used in 1965 at the Inn Bridge Kufstein, Austria. After the Second World War, bridges were designed on the principle of the minimum consumption of materials. Later on, the lab
6、or component of the construction costs became increasingly large, as a consequence of the complication of formwork and falsework, so that construction methods which were less labor-intensive came to the fore, in which a certain excess consumption of materials was more than compensated by savings in
7、the labor costs. These conditions are especially predominant in the incremental launching method. The development of teflon and related products which enable sliding of units to be carried out with a low coefficient of friction finally provided the conditions in which the method could be used with s
8、uccess.The incremental launching method is generally economical for bridges of spans of 30 to 60 m and already for quite small projects of lengths exceeding about 150 m. By the end of 1976 about 80 bridges, having a total area of about 300,000 m2 (equivalent to a total of 25 km of bridges of 12 m wi
9、dth) had been constructed by the incremental launching method. The method has therefore proved eminently successful.1.2. Preconditions for use of the methodThe incremental launching method can be used for straight bridges, or where the superstructure has a spatial curve of constant radius throughout
10、 the length. This means that it is even possible to construct bridges which are curved both horizontally and vertically, provided that the radii are constant.The superstructure should consist of a beam of constant section, for which the slenderness ratio, that is the span-to-depth ratio, is not more
11、 than 17 when completed. Normally, the ratio lies between 12 and 15, the first value applying to larger, the second to smaller spans. It is of advantage, with regard to design and detailing, if all the spans except the end ones are equal or almost equal in length; the length of the end spans should
12、not exceed 75% of that of the standard spans.The most suitable cross-sections are the single-cell box section or the double T-beam; double-cell box sections have also been used, but their construction is somewhat more complicated in respect of shuttering and supports.It is evident that a sufficient
13、area of suitable load bearing ground must be available behind one abutment for the construction yard. If the bridge has a longitudinal gradient, it is preferable for the construction yard to be behind the lower abutment, so that no braking equipment is necessary during launching.If some of the preco
14、nditions for the use of the incremental launching method do not already exist, the modifications required are frequently quite small. It is however to be hoped that in the future increased attention will be paid at the design stage to the possible use of the incremental launching method. 1.3. Featur
15、es of the incremental launching methodThe method is characterized by the following features:Construction is carried out completely without falsework, so that there is no problem in passing over obstacles below, such as roads, railways, rivers, buildings or conservation areas (see also fig.1).The fab
16、rication yard is stationary and located behind one abutment, which makes accurate construction possible. The concentration of plant in one area also keeps the site investments and overheads relatively low and the transportation distances extremely short.The superstructure is made up of units of 15 t
17、o 25 m length, eachcompleted in one week; there are no joints, since each unit is concreted directly against the preceding one.During the construction stage the superstructure is centrally prestressed, to limit the tensile stresses produced by the bending moments. Small tensile stresses should be pe
18、rmitted (partial or limited prestressing), even if such stresses are not permitted in the completed structure; they considerably improve the economics of the method, without detracting from the safety of the structure.Fig. 2: critical moments during construction2. Suggestions for structural design2.
19、1. Loading casesIn addition to those loading cases which must in general be considered, the erection conditions are of especial importance to the structural design when the incremental launching method is to be used; these conditions influence both the superstructure and also the piers and abutments
20、. During launching the superstructure is subjected to continually alternating bending moments (fig. 2). Each cross-section moves from regions of positive moment: into regions of negative moments and vice-versa, so that tensile stresses occur alternately at the button and top parts of the section. Th
21、e use of central pre stressing reduces the tensile stresses to the permissible value.After the superstructure has been completely launched it must be raised successively by 5-10 mm at each pier by means of jacks, so that the final bearings car be installed. This, however, does not constitute a speci
22、al loading case, since the influence of differentia settlements at the supports must in any case be investigated. Regular check level readings are taken to ensure that the figures assumed in the design are not exceeded. It may therefore be necessary to provide adjustment devices, to permit wedging u
23、p of the bearings.When the horizontal jacking equipment is installed only at the abutment (the VSL equipment is of this type), the bridge piers will be subjected to a horizontal force in the direction of launching at the level of the bearings due to friction. This must be allowed for by appropriate
24、design and reinforcement (possibly prestressing) or by guying or anchoring of the piers.2.2. PrestressingIn contrast to all other construction methods, a central prestress is required during the construction stage in the incremental launching method. As already mentioned in this section, this is due
25、 to the alternating bending moments. What however does central prestressing really mean? Central means that prestressing cables are so arranged that the resultant compressive stresses at all points of the cross-section are equal and therefore it makes no difference whether the tensile stresses produ
26、ced during launching occur in the upper or lower parts of the section.This type of prestress is, of course, quite incorrect for the pattern of moments in the completed state and moreover cannot be subsequently adapted to that pattern. (This was in fact done in the first bridge constructed by this me
27、thod but the expense proved to be too great). By adopting a relatively low span/depth ratio, however, it is possible to keep the central prestressing low and economical. The arrangement of the central prestressing cables is such that, in conjunction with the reinforcement, they provide the necessary
28、 factor of safety against rupture during construction.When the bridge superstructure has been completely launched, the continuity tendons are pulled or pushed through and stressed. Their lay-out is designed according to the bending moments in the completed state in which they supplement the central
29、prestressing, which, of course, remains active. In planning the stressing programme, careful consideration is given to the changes in forces and stresses which will be produced.预应力混凝土桥梁顶推法施工1 介绍1. 1 概况顶推法是一种机械化程度很高的桥梁施工方法。这种方法包括在桥台后面的预制场逐节段制造上部结构,依托先前节段直接浇筑新节段的混凝土,当混凝土硬化后,形成的结构被向前移动一个节段的长度。这种原理在钢桥施工
30、中已经用了许多年了。这不足为奇,因为钢材在抗拉和抗压方面具有同样的强度,当桥梁向前滑移时产生的交替应力是可以承受的,因此这样的设计是台适的。但混凝土并不然,混凝土仅能抵抗很小的拉应力,因此必须采取特殊的措施才能使混凝土桥梁逐节段的向前滑移。预应力技术的应用是最重要的一种措施。今天预应力桥梁使用的顶推法是1965年在澳大利亚的Kufstein栈桥中第一次使用的。二次大战以后-桥梁按照最小材料消耗的原则进行设计。不久,模板和支架的复杂化使得劳动力成本在施工成本中比例越来越大,因此,劳动密集型的施工方法很少被使用了,对一些施工方法,一定超量的材料消耗会从节省的劳动力成本中得到大大的补偿。这正是顶推法
31、所特有的优势。特氟隆及相关产品的发展使节段滑动时的摩擦系数很小,并使得这种施工方法得以成功。通常来说,顶推法对于30m到60m跨径的桥梁是经济的,也有少数长度超过150m的项目。到1976年,大约80座桥梁,总面积约300000m(等同于12m宽,25km长的桥梁)已使用顶推法建成,这种方法已证明是非常成功的。1.2 这种方法使用的前提顶推法能用于直线桥梁,或上部结构在全长范围内为半径恒定的空间曲线。这意味着只要半径是常量,在水平方向和竖直方向呈曲线的桥梁都同样可以建造。上部结构应为等截面梁,梁的长细比,即跨高比,不超过17。正常情况下,这个比值介于l215之间,较大跨径时用前者,较小跨径用后
32、者。如果将除边跨外设计成跨径相等或接近相等,将会对设计及细节方面带来很大便利。边跨的长度不应超过标准跨径的75。最合适的截面形式为单室箱型截面或双T梁。双室箱型截面也有使用,但在模板和支架施工方面较为复杂。很明显,在桥台后面必须有一块足够大且具有足够承载力的施工场地。如果桥梁有一个纵坡,施工场地最好位于较低的桥台的后面,这样做可避免再顶推时使用制动设备。如果不存在限制顶推法使用的先决条件,这种施工方法的通常很少需要变更。然而,我们希望将来在设计阶段,应对使用顶推法的可能性给予考虑。1.3 顶推法的特点这种方法的具体有如下特征:由于施工中完全不用支架,从而避免了在跨越如道路、铁路、建筑物或保护区
33、等障碍物时的困难(见图1)预制场是静止的并坐落在一个桥台的后面,这使得施工更精确,场地集中在一起可使现场投资和管理的费用相对降低,并且运输距离大大缩短。上部结构有15-25m长的节段组成,每节段一周完成,没有接连构造,因为每一节段直接依靠前一节段浇筑而成。施工时,对上部结构居中施加预应力,以减少弯矩产生的拉应力。小的拉应力是允许的(部分预应力或有预应力),即使在最终的结构中不允许出现拉应力;这样在不减少结构的安全情况下,显著改善了这种方法的经济性。2 结构设计的建议2.1 加载过程使用顶推法,除加载过程应被全部考虑外,支立条件也对结构设计非常重要;这些条件对上部结构和墩台都有影响。在顶推法过程
34、中,上部结构不断受交替弯矩作用(如图2)。每截面从正弯矩区过渡到负区弯矩,反之亦然。这样拉应力交替出现在截面的顶部和底部。中央预应力的使用将拉应力减少到允许值。上部结构顶推完成后,必须利用每个墩顶的千斤顶将梁持续抬升510MM,以便永久支座的安装。如果只在桥台上安装水平千斤顶,由于摩擦,在支座高度处桥墩将受到一个的沿顶推方向的水平力,这需要适当的设计及加固(如施加预应力)或桥墩的锁定或锚固。2.2 预应力与其他施工方法相比,顶推法在施工阶段需要施加轴心预应力。如本节所述,这是由于交替弯矩所致。然而,轴心预应力的真正含义是什么?轴心预应力意味着预应力束的排列能使得截面上各点产生的压应力相等,因此
35、,顶推时无论拉应力发生在截面的上部还是下部都是一样的。当然,对于成桥状态下的弯矩而言,这种预应力是不正确的,并且后来这种方式已不被采用(正是这第一使用该方法施工的桥,事实上被证明是耗资过大的)。然而,通过采用相对较低的高跨比,可能使轴心预应力减少并且经济。轴心预应力束与钢筋的结合使用,可为施工时抵抗破坏提供必要的安全因素。当桥梁上部结构顶推结束时,穿连续刚束并张拉。按照成桥状态下的弯矩对连续束进行布置,当然在这些位置,它们对轴心预应力进行了有益的补充。在设计预应力的程序时,应仔细的考虑将产生的力和应力的变化。以下是附加文档,不需要的朋友下载后删除,谢谢顶岗实习总结专题13篇第一篇:顶岗实习总结
36、为了进一步巩固理论知识,将理论与实践有机地结合起来,按照学校的计划要求,本人进行了为期个月的顶岗实习。这个月里的时间里,经过我个人的实践和努力学习,在同事们的指导和帮助下,对村的概况和村委会有了一定的了解,对村村委会的日常工作及内部制度有了初步的认识,同时,在与其他工作人员交谈过程中学到了许多难能可贵经验和知识。通过这次实践,使我对村委会实务有所了解,也为我今后的顺利工作打下了良好的基础。一、实习工作情况村是一个(此处可添加一些你实习的那个村和村委会的介绍)我到村村委会后,先了解了村的发展史以及村委会各个机构的设置情况,村委会的规模、人员数量等,做一些力所能及的工作,帮忙清理卫生,做一些后勤工
37、作;再了解村的文化历史,认识了一些同事,村委会给我安排了一个特定的指导人;然后在村委会学习了解其他人员工作情况,实习期间我努力将自己在学校所学的理论知识向实践方面转化,尽量做到理论与实践相结合。在实习期间我遵守了工作纪律,不迟到、不早退,认真完成领导交办的工作。我在村委会主要是负责管理日常信件的工作,这个工作看似轻松,却是责任重大,来不得办点马虎。一封信件没有及时收发,很有可能造成工作的失误、严重的甚至会造成巨大的经济损失。很感谢村委会对我这个实习生的信任,委派了如此重要的工作给我。在实习过程中,在信件收发管理上,我一直亲力亲为,片刻都不敢马虎。为了做好信件的管理工作,我请教村委会的老同事、上
38、网查阅相关资料,整理出了一套信函管理的具体方法。每次邮递员送来的信件,我都要亲自检查有无开封、损坏的函件,如果发现有损坏的函件,我马上联络接收人亲自来查收。需要到邮局领取的函件,我都亲自到邮局领取,并把信函分别发放到每个收件人的手里。对于收到的所有信函,我都分门别类的登记,标注好收发人的单位、姓名还有来函日期等等。我对工作的认真负责,受到了村委会领导和同事们的一致好评,在他们的鼓励下,我的工作干劲更足了。在工作之余,我还经常去村民家里,帮助他们做一些我力所能及的事情,也让我收获了很多知识,学会了许多技能。我学会了一些常见农作物的生长特征,也学会了怎么给农作物施肥,洒药。这些,都将是我今后人生道
39、路上的宝贵财富。短短个月的实习生活很快就过去了,这次实习是我从学校踏入社会的第一步。在这里,我感受到了村民们的纯朴,也体会到了农村生活的不易,更加深刻的认识到了作为当代大学生身上肩负的使命。在这次实习生活中,村委会的叔叔、阿姨们对我十分的照顾,在工作中,在生活上都给予了我很多的帮助,也对我寄予了很高的期望。通过这次实习,锻炼了我的做事能力,养成了对人对事的责任心,也坚定了我加强学习,提升自我价值的信心。二、发现的问题和建议在此次在村村委会顶岗实习的工作中,确实让我学到了不少书本以外的知识,同时我也发现了不少问题。第一,该村村委会的工作人员文化水平相对偏低,在村务工作的处理上,方式方法比较粗放。
40、第二,村委会工作人员思想比较守旧,缺乏对新事物、新观念的学习和认识。第三,村委会的现代化办公水平还比较低,虽然配备了电脑等现代化办公工具,但是实际的利用程度很低。第四,村委会人员由于不是国家编制,工作人员的工作热情和工作态度不是很积极。三、实习的心得体会刚开始去村村委会实习的时候,我的心情充满了激动、兴奋、期盼、喜悦。我相信,只要我认真学习,好好把握,做好每一件事,实习肯定会有成绩。但后来很多东西看似简单,其实要做好它很不容易。通过实践我深有感触,实习期虽然很短,却使我懂得了很多。不仅是进行了一次良好的校外实习.本文来自公务员之家,查看正文请使用公务员之家站内搜索查看正文。第二篇:会计顶岗实习
41、工作总结从我踏进实习单位的那一刻起,我就知道我将经历一段特殊的不平凡的并且充满收获的人生旅程,那旅程必定在我的生命中写下浓墨重彩的一笔,必定会在我的生命中留下绚烂多彩的回忆,必定会给我带来生命中无与伦比的财富。一、实习目的毕业实习是我们大学期间的最后一门课程,不知不觉我们的大学时光就要结束了,在这个时候,我们非常希望通过实践来检验自己掌握的知识的正确性。在这个时候,我来到圣鹿源生物科技股份有限公司在这里进行我的毕业实习。二、实习内容及过程为了达到毕业实习的预期目的。在学校与社会这个承前启后的实习环节,我们对自己、对工作有了更具体的认识和客观的评价。在整个的实习工程中,我总共做了以下的一些工作,
42、同时自己的能力也得到了相应的提高。1.工作能力。在实习过程中,积极肯干,虚心好学、工作认真负责,胜任单位所交给我的工作,并提出一些合理化建议,多做实际工作,为企业的效益和发展做出贡献。2.实习方式。在实习单位,师傅指导我的日常实习,以双重身份完成学习与工作两重任务。向单位员工一样上下班,完成单位工作;又以学生身份虚心学习,努力汲取实践知识。3.实习收获。主要有四个方面。一是通过直接参与企业的运作过程,学到了实践知识,同时进一步加深了对理论知识的理解,使理论与实践知识都有所提高,圆满地完成了教学的实践任务。二是提高了实际工作能力,为就业和将来的工作取得了一些宝贵的实践经验。三是在实习单位受到认可
43、并促成就业.本文来自公务员之家,查看正文请使用公务员之家站内搜索查看正文。第三篇:工厂车间顶岗实习总结我怀着激动的心情踏上了期待已久的顶岗实习之路,当我坐上离开学校的的班车那一刻起,我就知道我将经历一段特殊的不平凡的并且收获的人生旅程,那旅程必定在我的生命中写下浓墨重彩的一笔,必定会在我的生命中留下绚烂多彩的回忆,并定会给我带来生命中无与伦比的财富。那时候对自己的未来希,希在那里能大展拳脚,实现自己的抱负。那时候想的是多么多么的好啊,直到此刻我才觉得我当时是那么的幼稚,不可能你刚出来什么都没有就让你做好的岗位。是的,顶岗实习的生活是艰辛的挑战的。当我们来到实习点面对一间间产房和一条条流水线时,
44、很多人后悔为什么当初选择了到海信科龙顶岗实习,但是我想说,这是我所预料到的,这也是我想要的,我知道人只有在艰苦的环境中才能磨练出坚强的意志,我也知道吃得苦中苦,方为人上认得道理,我自然还不是人上人,但是我相信在这个世界上每一个人都渴成功,都渴自己有限的生命能创造出的价值,都渴为更多的人做出自己能做的一切,都渴在看来你的生命无可,我自然也比例外。我知道我的实习之路还刚刚开始,我要经历的还有很多。到啦海信科龙之后,尽管他们很就帮我们把食宿解决啦,但那里生活习惯和在湖南的时候相差太大,吃的很不习惯。对我们湖南人来说菜里面没有一点辣椒是吃不下的,因此在那里的时候开始一段时间都只是吃一点点饭,很快身材就
45、“苗条”啦。我的实习岗位被分配在总装车间箱发组,面对一台台发好泡的冰箱从自己流过,而我的工作就是和这些冰箱打交道。我在这里做的装冰箱的托板,是将托板固定在冰箱上,这个岗位说难也不难,就是要你记得哪种型号的冰箱用哪种托板,要不要带电容,是几微法的电容。要分清楚,不能弄错,不然会导致以后的环节出错,冰箱制冷时有可能电容会发爆炸。所以这个一定要很认真的做,不能粗心大意,害别人帮你善后。带我的师傅是一个个中专生,开始时我觉得做这个很简单,不用学,一看就会,做是会做,不过不是最省力的方法,就那么做啦一天,做得很累,后来,我看师傅做看他做的很轻松很快,我就在想为什么我不行呢,难到是我不如他,我知道我不是只
46、是我不够虚心,不想学,看不起这个岗位,是我的态度,既然找到的根本原因,那就好解决啦。后来,仔细看师傅的动作,怎么最省力,怎么最舒服。并且不懂的地方虚心讨叫那些老员工。就这样到我正式独立上岗时,我也像我师傅那样独立上岗啦,并不用要人帮忙啦。就这样一直到今年,我把我那条的岗位都学会啦,并且我自己也当师傅啦,而且是带三个徒弟,分别教他们不同的岗位该怎么做,开始当别人师傅时我觉得很好玩,终于不用自己做啦,可以徒弟来做啦,就这样想,所以当徒弟一来时,我就给他做啦,当时我是舒服啦,不过后来就不是那么的啦,我没有认真的教他们.本文来自公务员之家,查看正文请使用公务员之家站内搜索查看正文。第四篇:师范系中学顶
47、岗实习总结大一的时候就知道大三的上学期学校有顶岗实习活动,也知道这个机会对于我们师范生来说很难得,所以我毅然地选择了顶岗。不知道顶岗的生活会是怎样,学校怎么样,学生好不好管,会是收获满满还是不如不曾经历过,一切都充满疑惑。曾经问过师哥师姐,答案却是相差甚大,一切都是未知数。可转眼间,实习已接近尾声,中学是一个小社会,是大社会的一个缩影,顶岗实习是大学步入社会的一个缩影,是大学进入社会的一个过渡。在这为期半年的实习中,我们有最初的迷茫、紧张、陌生到现在的习惯、大方自然,工作、生活看似单调,但是,不论从刚开始的听课,到后来的讲课,参加班级管理,我们都受益匪浅:不在懒床,不再拖拉,多了责任,多了经验
48、,也收获了幸福。从脚步迈入二中这所学校大门开始,我就知道自己已经不仅仅是一个大学生了,我现在是一个老师,我要以老师的身份来完成这半年的实习生涯。另外在这里,学校的领导和老师都给了我很多帮助。学校完全把我们这些顶岗实习生看成正式老师,无论哪一方面都更正式老师一样,没有区别。这对我们这些实习生来说实在是一次难得的锻炼的机会。另外,学校还专门为我们配有指导老师。他们无论在教学技能和教学经验上都能给我们很多指导和帮助。使我们在教学这条路上少走弯路。每个礼拜我们的指导老师都会来听我们的课。每一次准备的过程都是在不断的进步。而我们每个礼拜也会去听指导老师的课,从他们身上,我们能够看到自己的不足,使自己在教
49、学实际中扬长避短。初为人师,总是有些紧张。我带着羞涩与忐忑抱着课本和教案走上讲台时,尽管我做了很多准备,但当我真正面对那么多双眼睛时,我还是紧张了。同学们,现在开始上课。我机械得重复了在台下不知念了多少遍的开场白。然而,这句话说完,下句该说什么呢?突然间我的脑袋一片空白,只能感觉到有十几双眼睛正齐刷刷地盯着我,让我感到十分地不自在。短暂的犹豫之后,我剩下来的只有微笑,因为我想起了那句话:微笑是法宝。这时学生也对着我微笑,看着他们那一张张稚气的面孔,我所有的紧张都在这一瞬间消失了,透过那一双双澄清的眼睛,我也似乎读到了那一颗颗纯净的心。等我大汗淋漓的走下讲台,我知道我已成功地走出第一步。从此以后,我便穿梭于讲台与办公室之间。刚来到这里,对于我们最重要的就是身份的变换,我们不在是天天由老师管理的学生了