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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 初二英语重要语法及知识点(中)【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语1. give a concert举行音乐会2. fall down倒下3. go on继续,进行4. at the end of最后5. go back返回6. in a hurry匆忙的7. write down记下,写下8. come out计算出9. all the year round一整年,全年10. later on 后来11. at times 有时12. ring sb. up 打某人电话13. Happy New Year! 新年快乐14. have a party 举行晚会15. hol
2、d on坚持住16. hear from收到.的来信17. be ready 准备做.18. at the moment 此时此刻19. take out 拿出20.the same as和.一样21. turn over翻转,移交,变化22. get-together一起23. put on穿上24. take a sea坐下t25. wait for等待.26. get lost迷路27. just then刚刚28. first of all首先29. go wrong.错误的30. make a noise制造噪音31. get on进展,上车32. get off下车,离开33. s
3、tand in line排队34. at the head of在.的最前面35. laugh at嘲笑36. throw about乱扔37. in fact事实上38. at midnight午夜时分39. enjoy oneself玩的开心,愉快40. have a headache头痛41. have a cough咳嗽42. fall asleep入睡43. again and again一次又一次 44. look over浏览,审查45. take exercise锻炼身体专心-专注-专业II. 重要句型1. be good for sth.对.有益2. I think 我认为.
4、3. I hope我希望.4. I love我(热)爱.5. I dont like我不喜欢.6. Im sure我确定.7. forget to do sth.忘记去做.8. take a message for sb传话(.带信)给某人9. give sb. the message 给某人信息10. help yourself to sth.帮助自己做.|11. be famous for sth.因.而闻名12. on ones way to往去的路上13. make ones way to前往,前进14. quarrel with sb.和.吵架15. agree with sb.同意
5、某人16. stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事III. 交际用语1.Whats the weather like today?今天天气怎么样?2.Its cold, but quite sunny.天气很冷,但是很晴朗3.How cold it is today!今天可真冷4.Yes, but itll be warmer later on.是的,但是过不了多久就会变暖和的5.Shall we make a snowman?我们堆一个雪人怎么样.6.Ok. Come on!好的,开始吧7.Happy New Year!新年快乐8.May I speak to Ann
6、, please?安妮在吗?9.Hold on, please.坚持一下10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.非常感谢你能邀请我参加这次的晚会11.Ok. But Im afraid I may be a little late.好的,但我可能会迟一会儿才道12.Can I take a message for you? 我可以替你带个信吗/13.Thats OK. It doesnt matter.好的,没关系14.Im very sorry, but I cant come.我很抱歉,但我去不了15.Im sorry to hear t
7、hat.听到这个消息我很遗憾16.Happy birthday!生日快乐17.Would you like .? Would you like to .?你想要.18.Do you think .? Yes, I think so. / No, I dont think so.你认为.怎么样?/是的,我这么认为/不,我不这么认为19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, dont really agree. I really cant agree.你同意吗? 是的,我同意/不,我不太同意20.There are a few / a lot of . / on it
8、.上面有一些/有很多.21.So do we.我们也是,我们也一样22.Im happy you like it.我很高兴你能喜欢23.Which is the way to ., please? 请问,去.的路怎么走?24.Turn right/left at the . crossing. 在转弯处左/右转25.Go on until you reach .往前直走直到.26.How can I get to .? 去.的路怎么走?Go down/up/along this road.向下走/向上走/沿着这条路走27.Whats the matter?怎么啦/28.Itll take yo
9、u half an hour to . 要花上半个小时到.29.Wed better catch a bus.我们最好是赶上公交车30.It may be in . Ah, so it is.可能 噢.确实.31. You must be more careful!要多加小心32.You mustnt cross the road now.现在不能横穿马路33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light如果你想到街对面去你就必须要等红灯.34. Please stand in line.请排队35.You m
10、ust wait for your turn.你要等着轮到你36.If you dont go soon, youll be late.如果你还不快出发,就要迟到了37.I dont feel very well我感觉不舒服38.My head hurts.我头痛39.You mustnt eat anything until you see the doctor.你现在不能吃东西得赶紧去看医生40. Whats the trouble?出什么问题了41.Whats the matter with?发生什么事了42.She didnt feel like eating anything她不想吃
11、任何东西.43.Nothing serious.没什么大问题,没啥大不了的IV. 重要语法1. 一般过去时;2. 反意疑问句的用法;3. 一般将来时;5. 简单句的五种基本句型;6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法;7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。4. 感叹句;重点语法知识1. 一般过去时;动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will
12、 be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking1. 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten
13、 minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last (year等), in
14、 (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、
15、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无
16、关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本
17、书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。2. 一般将来时:表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will” 用于所有人称。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快
18、就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)“am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达
19、。如:I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗?)“be to +动词原
20、形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that shewas to have this special boy.(2)一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, star
21、t, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排
22、上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3. 反意疑问句的用法;1)定义:表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。2) 构成:由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分
23、附加问句部分注 意 点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词;否则就使用do/does/did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如:He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗?) / The man went away, didnt he? (那个男人走开了不是吗?) / He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗?) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗?)3) 反意问句的回答:无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式
24、”如:The man went away, didnt he?(那人走开了,不是吗?) Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他没有走。) The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗?) Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didnt.(是呀,他不去。)4. 感叹句;感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如:What a good,
25、 kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕!)仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是: How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。 He
26、is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击!) / Good goal! (好球!)5. 简单句的五种基本句型;句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型:1、基本句型的词序: 2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考):主语: 定语:( )谓语: 状语: 宾语: 宾补: 表语: 主谓句型:SVi。主系表句型:SVlinkP主谓宾句型:SVt.O主谓双宾句型:SVtO间宾O直宾主谓宾补句型:SVtOC3、 例句: Jim is worki
27、ng very hard now.(他现在正非常努力地工作。) She is young. (她年轻。) It looks like rain. (天看上去要下雨。) The boy always kicked the dog with his feet. (这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。) He has never bought me a toy since last year. (从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。) He felt something (cold) .(他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。)6. 情态动词的基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可
28、(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.h
29、ave to只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do. No,dont.ought to应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall. No,shant.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)should not/shouldnt doShou
30、lddo?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will. No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常(现在已不再)used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Y
31、es,used. No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did. No,didnt.II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have alre
32、ady arrived there.2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及cant语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)Can he be in the of
33、fice now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词注意点:1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和
34、疑问句。其形式为:neednt/darent do;Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句:从句:在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。1) 时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,sinc
35、e, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I wont leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)2) 条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。
36、You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / 3) If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)注意:1、because与so;(al)though与but;if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。【名师讲解】1. above/ over/ on 这三个介词都表示“在之上
37、”,但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上,和某物接触;above指在某物的上方,不和某物接触,但也不一定在某物的正上方;over指在某物的正上方,不和某物接触。试比较:There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。There is a stone bridge over the river. 河面上有座石桥。2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”,实际上还没做;forget doing st
38、h,意思是“忘记做过某事”,实际上已经做过了。试比较:I forgot to tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了,我却忘了。类似的词还有:remember, regret等。3. hope/wishhope和wish 在汉语中都有“希望”的意思,但其含义和用法有所不同。主要区别如下:(1)wish可以用来表示不可实现的愿望;hope只能用来表示可能实现的愿望。例如:I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。 I hope youll be b
39、etter soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。I wish the weather wasnt so cold. 但愿天气不这麽冷。I hope he will come, too. 我希望他也能来。(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth. 的结构,而hope不可以。例如:Do you wish me to come back later? 你是否希望我再来?4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth. (1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求,意思是“务必”,也可以用来表示说话人做出的推断,意
40、思是“一定”,“肯定”。例如:Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。Its a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影,你肯定会喜欢的。(2)be sure of/about sb.or sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”。例如:Im sure of his success.我相信他会成功。I think it was three years ago, but Im not sure about it.我想那是三年前的事情,但我没有把握。5. hear from/hear of
41、 hear意思是“听到”,从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如:Ive heard from Xiao Wu that well start out military training tomorrow.我听小吴说,我们明天开始军训。Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.听录音,并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。hear from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”(=receive a letter from sb.)。例如:I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last mo
42、nth. 上个月我受到了美国笔友的来信。I heard from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”,“得知”(某事或某人的存在),常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如:Who is he? Ive never heard of him.他是谁?我从来没有听说过他。I never heard of such a thing! 这样的事我从来没有听说过。6. Its a pleasure./With pleasure.Its a pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语,意思是“那是我乐意做的”。例
43、如:-Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。-Its a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。-Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。 再见。-Its a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。再见。类似的话还有 “Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “Thats all right.” With pleasure也用作客气的答语,主要用在别人要你做某事,而你又非常愿意去做的场合。例如:-Will you please pass me the newspaper, please? 请你把报纸递给我好吗?-With pleasure.
44、 当然可以。7. seem/look(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲,但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作出的有根据的判断,这种判断往往接近事实;look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如:He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. 他今天看起来很高兴。It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look:1)后跟不定式to do时。如:He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。2)在It
45、seems that .结构中。如:It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for(1)be ready to do和be ready for表示“已作好的准备”,强调状态(2)get ready to do和get ready for表示“为做准备”,强调行为。如:Im ready to do anything you want me to do. 我愿意/随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。Im ready for any questions you may ask.我愿意/随时准备回答你可能问的问题。Hes getting ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。Le