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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter I The Renaissance Period2. Metaphysical形而上学 poetry: The term metaphysical poetry the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. I. Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene, a
2、 great poem of its ag. A complex moral, religious, & political allegory, it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth & the English nation. his principal intention is to present through a historical poem the example of a perfect gentleman: to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous & gentl
3、e discipline. Its principal hero is the Arthur of medieval legend. The six books of the poem illustrate the nature of particular virtues, such as, temperance & justice.1) Main qualities of Spensers poetrya perfect melody a rare sense of beautya splendid imaginationa lofty moral purity & seriousnessa
4、 dedicated idealism2) In his writing, Spenser drew on the conventions & thought of Classical, medieval, & Renaissance literature. However, he added to his fusion of these diverse elements much that was original, & his works inspired many later English poets. He created a new stanza, called the Spens
5、erian stanza, which is well suited to narrative verse. His skills in writing melodious English verse & his combination of emotion, erudition, & spiritual vision have won him the admiration of generations of English poets. It is his idealism, his love of beauty, &his exquisite melody that make him kn
6、own as the poets poet.4. 应用The Faerie Queene: 1) It is a long, allegorical poem. In the poem, Spenser dramatized political, religious, & moral themes by personifying them, or making them characters.2)Plot: The story, which is set against a background of Arthur & medieval legend, deals with the adven
7、tures of six knights of the court of the fairy queen named Gloriana, who represents Queen Elizabeth of English. The faerie Queen was left unfinished at Spensers death. It was originally planned as a 12-book poem. II. Christopher Marlowe dramatist & poet， was the first great English Dramatist. He bro
8、ught to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions & ambitions.His Major WorksHis most famous tragedies are Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Tamburlaine & Edward . In his plays, Marlowe used blank verse, which
9、 he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. His non-dramatic poetry includes Hero & Leander, the Passionate shepherd to His love, & a verse translation of Ovids Amores.Marlowes Doctor Faustus (about 1589), generally considered his best play, was based on a real Dr. Faustus,
10、who was later associated with a medieval legend of a man selling his soul to the devil. The plays dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power & happiness; it also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral ord
11、er. The last scene, in which Faustus confronts his doom, brilliantly renders the fear & agony of a condemned man. The Jew of Malta (about 1589) illustrates Marlowes outstanding portrayal of character. Its hero, Barabas the Jew, served as the model for Shylock in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice.,
12、 Edward 。 It is his most dramatically mature play & exhibits his mastery of characterization, stage craft & rhetoric.Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious & pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering King. By depicting a great hero with high am
13、bition & sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power & authority. 3. Achievements: the blank verse & made it the principal medium of English drama.second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance he
14、ro for English drama.His influence: A man of wide learning, Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets & playwrights of his time. Marlowes mighty line, as Ben Jonson called his blank verse, was one of the most important contributions to the art of English literature.4. 应用Dr. FaustusThe selection of
15、 Actfrom Dr. Faustus is mainly about Faustus is showing his great ambition, that is, if he had many souls, he would give them all to the Devil so that he could control the world. In portraying Faustus, a more introspective & philosophical figure than Tamburlaine, Marlowe praises his soaring aspirati
16、on for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustuss downfall was caused by his despair in God & trust in Devil. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was the greatest writer of plays who ever lived. His friend & fellow playwright Ben Jonson said that Shakespeare was not of an age
17、 but for all time. The 18th-century English essayist Samuel Johnson described his work as the mirror of life. The 19th-century English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge spoke of myriad-minded Shakespeare. The 20th-century English dramatist George Bernard Shaw stressed his enormous power over language.3.
18、领会His Influence1) Contributions to language Many words and commonly used phrases have been added to everyday English vocabulary through their appearance in Shakespeares works.2) Effects on literature Shakespeares plays & poetry have had a pervasive influence on world literature. Most of the great li
19、terary figures of the world have been inspired & stimulated by his achievement.On the whole, however, Shakespeares contribution has been to the language & spirit of later writing rather than to its form. References & parallels to Shakespeares phraseology have occurred in literature since the 16th ce
20、ntury.Perhaps the greatest inspiration to subsequent authors has been Shakespeares capacity to depict life in all its complexity & to illuminate mans character & destiny.1) DramaA. The Merchant of Venice Theme: to praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of g
21、reat beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable greed & brutality of the Jew.Plot: The play has a double plot (P39)B. Hamlet Hamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeares most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a blood-and-thunder thriller & a philosophical exploration of l
22、ife & death. And the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict & searching philosophic melancholy.C. The Tempest The Tempest, an elaborate & fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical & the sub
23、ject full of suggestion.2) PoemsA. SonnetsThe first 126 sonnets are apparently addressed to a handsome young nobleman, presumably the authors patron. The poems express the writers selfless but not entirely uncritical devotion to the young man.A philosophical theme that appears in many of the sonnets
24、 is that of time as the destroyer of all mortal things. Also expressed in the poems is the authors disillusionment with the false ness of earthly life.B. Other poemsVenus & Adonis, in which Shakespeare made his first bid for literary patronage & fame, is a conventional Elizabethan narrative poem. It
25、s mythological story, taken from Ovids Metamorphoses, tells of the passionate love goddess who woos the reluctant youth Adonis.二大喜剧Alls well that ends well and measure for measure四大悲剧Pericles,Cymbeline,the winters tale,the tempest.5. 领会His Major Theme1) Shakespeare is against religious persecution &
26、 racial discrimination, against social inequality & the corrupting influence of gold & money.2) He was a humanist of the time & accepted the Renaissance views on literature.6. 领会His Literary Achievements1) Characterizationthey are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her
27、 own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others. The soliloquies in his plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters. 3) Language using nouns as adject
28、ives or verbs, adjectives as adverbs, & pronouns as nouns.blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. His bland verse is especially beautiful & mighty. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary & idiom. His coinage of new words & distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on
29、 the reader.7. 应用Selected Readings 1) Sonnet 18Theme: a profound meditation on the destructive power of time & the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. Imagery: a summers day-youth the eye of heaven-the sun2) The Merchant of Venice Theme: To praise the friendship between Anton
30、io & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.3) Hamlet This is one part of Hamlets most famous monologue. Hamlet, facing the dilemma of action & mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, w
31、hich may bring him death, or he should suffer & hide his hatred for his uncle in his deep heart, which may secure his life. IV. Francis Bacon philosopher, essayist, statesman, One of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, His chief interest were science philosophy。He was one of the earliest & m
32、ost eloquent spokesmen for experimental science. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.2. 识记His worksEssays, which deal with honor, friendship, love, & riches. Written i
33、n a terse, polished style, with many learned allusions & metaphors, the essays rank with the finest in English literature. Baconst literary works include The New Atlantis, an account of an ideal society & an imaginary voyage, & The History of the Reign of King Henry , a perceptive psychological stud
34、y of Henrys mind & characters.3. 领会 His Major WorksEssays Bacon learned from Montaigne, the first great modern essayist, the economic & flexible way of writing. However, as a practical & prudential man, he intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of his class & tell them how t
35、o be efficient & make their way in public life.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness. The essays are well arranged & enriched by Biblical allusions, Metaphors & cadence.4. 领会His achievementsBacon is the first English essayist, As a philosopher, he is the founder of E
36、nglish materialistic philosophy. He advocates the inductive method of reasoning. In his famous plea for progress, Bacon demands three things: 1) the free investigation of nature, 2) the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories 3) the verification of results by experiment rather tha
37、n by argument. In our day, these are the ABC of science, but in Bacons time they were revolutionary, Marx called him the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general.5. 应用 Of StudiesOf Studies is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. It analyzes what studies c
38、hiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, & how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful & persuasive, compact & precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning. Bacons language is neat, priest, & weighty. It is some w
39、hat affected, like the water in the reservoir, restricted & confined.V. John Donnevividness of imagery & vitality of rhythms, which show a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems, which are pure, serene, tuneful, & smooth running. ts tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to refle
40、ct life in a real rather than a poetical world. Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2识记His major worksDonnes great prose works are his sermons, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor & scholastic complexity
41、 as his poetry.3. 领会 Characteristics of His Poems Donnes poetry is subtle, complex, & often startling. He made expert use of such poetic techniques as the paradox, a statement that seems contradictory but actually contains truth, & the conceit, a pertinent comparison between 2 apparently dissimilar
42、things.His early Lyrics. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul & body. The operations of the soul depend on the body. Idealism & cynicism about love coexist in Donnes love poetry. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the p
43、oem. 4. 应用Selected Readings1) Death Be Not Proud, one of Donnes Holy Sonnets, is an almost Startling put-down of poor death. Staunchly Christian in its pare expectation of the resurrection, Donnes poem personifies death as an adversary swollen with false pride & unworthy of being called mighty & dre
44、adful. Donne gives various reasons in accusing death of being little more than a slave bossed about by fate, chance, kings & desperate men-a craven thing that keeps bad company, such as poison, was & sickness. Finally, Donne taunts death with a paradox: death, thou shalt die. The sonnet is written i
45、n the strict Petrarchan pattern. It reveals the poets belief in life after death: death is eternal.2) The Sun Rising The persona apostrophizes the sun as unruly because the sun enters the lovers secret room without their approval. The speaker criticizes the sun pays too much attention to such things
46、 as sex & that he should not be behaving so tediously as to stick to his rule & enter without thinking twice into such a place as lovers dwell. John MiltonMilton was one of the greatest poets in the English language & one of the towering figures in all literature. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is
47、considered the unsurpassed English epic poem. It is a powerfully imaginative & dramatic work, based in part on the Biblical story of the temptation & fall of Adam & Eve in the Garden of Eden.Milton was a great master of language, & his poetry, both epic & lyric, is admired for its sublime eloquence
48、& rich musical quality. 2. achievements mbridge. These are companion pieces that contrast the temperaments of the cheerful, active man & the melancholy, reflective man. Lycidas (1637) is a typical example. All of Miltons early works reflect his interest in Greek & Latin poetry, which greatly influenced his style. His poems contain a wealth of classical references, figures of speech, & English. 3.领会His Major Works2) Paradise Lostwritten in blank verse, represents the fullest expression of Miltons genius. Th