初二英语-(形容词-副词-动词种类)(共11页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Step 1 形容词,副词分类及用法辨析考点归纳1形容词 形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的,通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补,有时还可作状语。如:He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting.(1) 有些形容词只能作表语。如:alone,alive,afraid,asleep,ill,interested,excited, surprised等。 如:That old man feels alone because his children are out. Im afraid he cant come

2、而以ly结尾的形容词有friendly,lively,lovely,likely等。(2) 形容词与不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything等连用时,要放在这些词后面。如:Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper?(3) 某些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,其作用相当于一个名词,如:the young(年轻人),the poor(穷人),the rich(富人)。当其作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如:The rich and the poor live in different par

3、ts of the city.(4) 如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时,其前后排列顺序一般如下: 限定词(a/the,thissomeher)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。如:a dirty old black shirt 一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣2形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化而成的。(1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。(2) 以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。(3) 少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音节形

4、容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成。如:clever - cleverer-cleverest(4) 以-y结尾,但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉,加上-ier和-est构成。如:happy - happier(比较级)-happiest(最高级)(5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。如:big - bigger - biggest(6) 某些双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more和most加在形容词前面构成。如:difficult - more difficult -

5、 most difficult 形容词前若加上less和least则表示“较不”和“最不”。如:important重要less important较不重要least important最不重要3副词 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,有时也能修饰名词,表示时间、地点、方式、程度、动作、频度等,在句中主要用作状语。 如:we should listen to our teachers carefully我们应该认真听老师讲课。(1) 副词表示频度修饰动词时,位于连系动词和助动词之后,行为动词之前, 如:Mr. Smith usually comes to school by car

6、.(2) already和yet的区别:already用于陈述句,一般用于句中,但不能和时间状语放在一起,译为“已经”;yet用来表达某事在预料之中,在疑问句中译为“已经”,但用在否定句中则译为“尚未,还没有”,一般都放于句末。 如:I have already finished the homework. Have you found your English book yet?(3) ever用于疑问句或带if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意义的肯定句中,表示“曾经”一般要放在动词前面;它不用于现在完成时的简略回答,而要用Yes,I have或No,never 表示。 如:The old

7、 woman hardly ever goes out(hardly ever可译为:几乎从不) “Have you ever been to New York?“No, never”4形容词变副词的规律(1) 一般的形容词在结尾加ly变为副词。如:careful - carefully(2) 以元音加e结尾的单词要去e再加ly。如:true-truly;以le结尾的单词直接将e变为y。如:terrible - terribly(3) 辅音加y结尾的单词去y变i再加ly。例如:angry - angrily(4) 单音节y结尾直接加ly。例如:shy-shyly 要特别注意形容词、副词同形:h

8、ard,fast,late,early,long,far,right,straight,daily等。其中很多单词加ly之后就变成其他意思的单词了。例如:hardly就变成“几乎不”的意思,是初中阶段五大隐形否定词( few,little,seldom,hardly,rarely)之一。5形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 大多数的形容词和副词都有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级。1) 比较级的范围: 一般为两者或两个部分进行比较。常见的使用情况有如下三种:(1) as+形容词或副词原形+as 为“像一样”。(2) not as (so)+形容词或副词原形+as和不一样。not as/soas=les

9、s than不及,不如(3) than比(用比较级)在than的句式中有一点需要同学们特别注意:Im taller than any other student in my class这句话中用than连接的是I和any other student in my class两个部分,其实表示的是最高级的概念,译为“我比我们班其他同学都要高”,其中any other是固定搭配,译为“任何其他的”,同时在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。而a little,much,a lot,even,still可用来专门修饰比较级,但不能在比较级前加s

10、o,too,very,quite等。2) 最高级的范围:最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在众多人或事物中,其中一个“最”。最高级在结构上和比较级有两个明显的区别标志:(1)一般用the限定最高级的范围,也可以说,现阶段the就是最高级的主要标志。但是,当形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,最高级前不加the,副词最高级前的the通常也是省略的。(2) 最高级后面往往用of,in,among或用从句修饰表示形容词的最高级的比较范围, 如:This is the best film that I have ever seen.在表示“第二、第三”

11、时,可在最高级前加“second, third”6还有如下的固定结构也要多加注意(1) 比较级十and+比较级意为“越来越”如:hotter and hotter,more and more important(2) The+比较级,the+比较级“越就越”如:The bigger, the better.越大越好。(3) 表示“是几倍”时用“twice;three times等+asas”,如:He has four times as many books as I have.(4)“the 比较级of+两者”“两者中较的一个”,如:Lucy is the younger of the tw

12、ins(5) 表示两者相差多少用“具体数量+比较级”,如:My brother is two years older than me7. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化原 级比 较 级最 高 级good(好的)well(健康的)betterbestbad(坏的)ill(有病的)worseworstold(老的)older/ elderoldest / eldestmuchmany(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar(远的)farther/ furtherfarthest / furthest考题精讲【例1】 We are glad to see our

13、 hometown is developing _ these years than ever before. A. much more quickly B. quickly C. very quickly D. most quickly【解析】本题考查副词比较级的用法,是一句带有than的比较级的句子,将these years和even before相比较,而通常副词的比较级用more构成,同时a little,much,a lot,even, still等可用来专门修饰比较级。因此正确答案为A。【例2】Why does he look so_?Did he sleep well last

14、night? A. interested B. frightened C. tired D. surprised【解析】look意为“看上去”,是连系动词。连系动词后接形容词作表语,表示人的情绪特征或状态。从整句的意思来看,是想表达昨晚没睡好所表现出的疲倦,因此C为正确答案。【例3】Everything weve seen and heard in Beijing is _in the history of the Olympic Games. A. the most exciting B. more exciting C. more exciting than D. most excitin

15、g【解析】这主要是掌握对最高级的用法。本题目中everything和in Beijing都可以提示句子想表达的是最高级。因此正确答案是A。【例4】“Would you like me to show you the way?”the volunteer said_to the tourist A. lovely B. likely C. kindly D. friendly【解析】在英语中并不是以ly结尾的就都是副词,如本题中的friendly,lovely,likely就是以ly结尾的形容词。而从本题结构可以清晰看出这里所要的是对said这个动词的修饰。因此答案只能选kindly这个副词了。

16、考点精练I. Choose the best answer1.Thanks to Elaine. With her help, we finished the work an hour_. A. earlyB. earlierC. earliestD. the earliest2. Jack, how are you feeling today?Much. I think I can go to school tomorrow. A. goodB. betterC. wellD. best3.A survey showed that Jingjing and Huanhuan wereamon

17、g the five Olympic mascots. A. popularB. more popularC. most popularD. the most popular4.We feel that we can sing asas the pop stars when we are singing Karaoke.A. wellB. betterC. bestD. good5. Talking is easier than doing.Yes. Wed betterand. Doing should go first.A. to talk less; do moreB. talk les

18、s; do moreC. talking less; do moreD. talk more; do less6.When the music started, everyone in the hall began to keep_. A. noisyB. quietC. quietlyD. slowly7.The Yellow River isthan any other river in northern China. A. longB. longerC. the longestD. longest8.Mary lost her key. She cant find itnow. A. s

19、omewhereB. anywhereC. everywhereD. any way9.Tell meyoure getting on with your friends at school.A. whatB. whyC. whereD. how10.Chusovitian felt like an 18-year-old girl when she won the silver medal on the vault (跳马银牌). She felt_at that time. A. interestingB. excitedC. excitingD. beautiful11.Every st

20、udent likes Miss Green because she always talks to them. A. politelyB. lovelyC. friendlyD. luckily12.We couldbelieve that Bill had worked soin the countryside.A. hardly; hardly B. hard; hardC. hard; hardly D. hardly; hard13.George wasnt used to telling lies. His face turned.A. redB. cleanC. sadlyD.

21、happily14.Shanghais new landmark the World Financial Building is the first _building in Asia. A. the tallestB. tallestC. tallerD. tall15.In winter thethe snow is, the happier the children are. A. heavyB. heavierC. heavilyD. the heaviest1-5 BBDAB 6-10 BBBDB 11-15 ADABBStep 2动词种类学习1、动词的分类:类 别意 义例 句实义动

22、词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动

23、词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗?情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?W

24、e must go now. 我们现在得走了。重要注解:(1)关于实义动词: 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know, wash等。 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它

25、词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:listen,reply,wait,look.(2)关于连系动词:连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看看起来)、feel(感觉、摸感到)、 smell(闻、嗅闻起来)、taste(尝尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动变得)、grow(生长变得)、get(得到、到达变得)、go(去变得),所不同的是,作为实义动

26、词时,后面不能跟形容词。注释 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别:become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如:I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He

27、 has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her.(3)关于助动词:常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be(am, is, are ,was, were, been, being) ;用于完成时的have(has, had, having);用于将来

28、时的shall(should);will(would)和用于一般时的do(does, did) . 助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall, will, should, would.(4)关于情态动词:常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。 can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观

29、的可能性。口语中,在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“cant”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常缩写成“couldnt”。如:Can I help you?/ He can swim./ That cant be Mr Li. may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may。否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如:May I ask you a question?Certainly. / You may g

30、o now. / It may be in your pocket. must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustnt;表示“一定”时,否定形式是“cant” 如:We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here. 注意用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt;用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用cant.如:Must we clean th

31、e room before we leave? Yes,you must.或No, you neednt. / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must.或No,she cant. “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑问形式是:助动词have to,否定形式是:助动词nothave to或者用neednt.如:Do you have to stay until 8 oclock? / You dont have to do so.

32、(=You neednt do so.) shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如:Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?/ He shall bring his own book next time. should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Will you please close the door for me?/

33、I will teach you a lesson.would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(Id) like to”来表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at the moment? would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Every year parents would

34、tell their children about the boy who would save his people. need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:He neednt do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了) dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动

35、词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool? / He didnt dare to touch the red button. d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是:d better not (do). 如:Youd better sit here and say nothing./ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping. 2、动词词形变化一览表:(1)规则动词变化表:规则变化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三

36、人称现 在 分 词过去式和过去分词一般情况singeds,x,ch,sh,o结尾esinged辅音字母y结尾yi,esingyi,ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾s双写辅音字母,ing双写辅音字母,ed不发音的e结尾s去掉e,ingdie结尾siey,ingd不规则变化havehas;beis(无)(见不规则动词变化表)注意:在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读s;在浊辅音后和元音后读z;在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后读iz.ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读t;在浊辅音后和元音后读d;在t、d后读id.(2)不规则动词变化表:( 原

37、形 过去式 过去分词)be(am,is)wasbeenloselostlostbe(are)werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldriderod

38、eriddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutsh

39、utfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstands

40、toodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedle

41、arnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain3、be动词的各种时态变化一 般 现 在 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人称) will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/Th

42、ey have been.一 般 过 去 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人称) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意:句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n

43、t (am后面not不可以缩写);疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化现在 时态一 般 现 在 时现 在 进 行 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时谓语动词构成动词用原形(单三加s / es)(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)amis 动词-ingarewill 动词原形amis going to动词原形arehave 过去分词has过去 时态一 般 过 去 时过 去 进 行 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was 动词-ingwerewould 动词原形wasgoing to动词原形werehad 过去分词Step 3阅读训练兴趣与爱好词数 223 难度 建议用时 430

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