《三级笔译真题个人整理(共5页).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《三级笔译真题个人整理(共5页).docx（5页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2011.11Section 1： English-Chinese Translation (50 points)This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report.Claims of a water apartheid, where poor people pay more for water than the rich
2、, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on cost
3、lier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outd
4、oor tank.The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made to local water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added.The agency proposes a three-step solution. First
5、, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing countries, should spend at least 1 pe
6、rcent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some market-based approaches as well.By offeri
7、ng cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agencys report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agencys proposals, if a country can harness the economic be
8、nefits of providing clean water.People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries. So if a government is trying to rais
9、e financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing to pay back the investment over many ye
10、ars.In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their communities, he said. Thats especially
11、 true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad menu of different approaches can be the f
12、irst step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.Section 2： Chinese-English Translation (50 points)即使遇到丰收年景，对中国来说，要用世界百分之七的耕地养活全球五分之一的人口仍是一项艰巨的任务。中国政府面临许多挑战，最严峻的挑战之一就是耕地流失。过去几年中，平均每年有66.7万公顷耕地被城市扩建、工业发展以及公路建设工程占用，另有1万平方公里的耕地被沙漠吞噬。中国北方地区地下水位下降，农民不得不改种耐旱、地产作物，甚至撂荒。同时，农业基础设施损耗严重，三分
13、之二的灌溉设施需要整修。由于农民为增加收入而改种经济作物，农业生产方式正在转变。过去十几年，全国水果和蔬菜种植面积平均每年增加130万公顷。因此，水稻、玉米及小麦产量急剧下降。中国已由粮食净出口国变为粮食净进口国。中国政府把农业改革视为头等大事，投入大量资金用于提高小麦和稻米的收购价以及改进农田灌溉基础设施。近年来，农产品的价格稳步上升，中国政府采取此项措施以提高农民种粮的积极性。Section 1：英译汉参考译文本月，联合国发展规划将水利和公共设施列为其高端出版物人类发展报告的核心内容。 在一些地方穷人比富人支付的水费要多，因此关于“水隔离制度”的主张应当引起关注。但是问题背后的经济如何？怎
14、么解决这一问题？一些国家不能为人们提供纯净水，究其原因常常是缺乏基础设施。在不能依靠公共设施供水的地方，人们需要需要通过昂贵的方式来获取水资源，例如卡车循环运送水或者长途跋涉到水井取水。水资 源越昂贵，水质似乎越劣质，这是自相矛盾的。由公共设施运送到千家万户的水（穷人和富人同等对待）常常比从户外蓄水池中得来的水要干净。哈坎比约克曼是联合国泰国事务处的计划主管， 他说，这一问题不仅仅存在于乡村地区，甚至是在大城市也是如此。此外，他补充道，当地水利机构提供的补助最终受益人是除了穷人以外的人民群众。 该事务处提出了一项三步走解决方案。第一步是使每天获得 20 升（或者 5 加仑）纯净水成为一项公民权
15、利。第二步是促使地方政府 义务提供这项服务。 第三步是在人们和水路总线之间引进基础设施进 行联接。该项报告称，政府，尤其是在发展中国家，应当至少花费GDP 的1%用于水源和公共设施。它同时强调，外国援助要更直接用于解决这些问题。很明显，这一方法主要依靠政府干预，比约克曼很认同这一点。当然也存在一些基于市场的举措。据事务处的报告，科特迪瓦的首都阿比让提供打了折扣的管道联系穷人和水路总线，其民间水利设施逐渐增加了纯净水供应。如果国家能利用供给纯净水的经济益处，甚至可能不再需要补助，尽管这是事务处的提议。获得纯净水的人们更不容易死于由水传播的疾病，因而更长寿、更富足，并且所纳税款有利于他们的国家，然
16、而在发展中国家存在这样一个普遍的弊端。因此如果政府尽力提高资金引进新基础设施，那么它将在民间信贷市场获得良好声誉，前提是它能充分利用这一回报。同样的，私营企业可能会估算，如果当地居民乐意长期回报这一投资，将纯净水引入某一地区这一举措是很有价值的。获得纯净水的人们更不容易死于由水传播的疾病，因而更长寿、更富足，并且所纳税款有利于他们的国家，然而在发展中国家存在这样一个普遍的弊端。因此如果政府尽力提高资金引进新基础设施，那么它将在民间信贷市场获得良好声誉，前提是它能充分利用这一回报。同样的，私营企业可能会估算，如果当地居民乐意长期回报这一投资，将纯净水引入某一地区这一举措是很有价值的。Sectio
17、n 2：汉译英参考译文For China, it is still an arduous task to feed one-fifth population of the world with seven percents field on the earth, even in a good harvest year.The Chinese government is faced with many challenges, one of the most serious is the cultivated area loses. In the past several years, 0.667
18、 million hectares cultivated areas were averagely used to expand the city, develop industries and road construction programs every year, and other one billion square metres were swallowed by the desert. The level of water in the northern China has fallen, so that the farmers had no choice but to pla
19、nt crops that are drought-enduring and grown in the earth , even plant nothing in the field. In the meantime, the agricultural infrastructure was caused loss seriously and two-thirds irrigation facilities needed to be fixed.The pattern of the agricultural production is undergoing transformation beca
20、use the farmers have planted industrial crops instead to increase incomes. In the last decades of years, the area under fruit and vegetables averagely increased 1.3 million hectares year by year. So the yield of rice, corn and wheat decreased rapidly. China became a net export country instead of a n
21、et import country.The Chinese government has given the greatest priority to the agricultural reform and invested a large amount of money to raise the prices of wheat and rice, as well as improved irrigation infrastructure for fields. In recent years, the price of agricultural products has increased steadily and the Chinese government has taken the measure to raise the activity of farmers to plant grains.专心-专注-专业