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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IICloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 point
2、s)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the man. But they insisted that its results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the of the
3、 English population. contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists history and economics, have two things: that the period from
4、1650 to 1750 was by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.A admittedB believedC claimedD predicted42.A plainB averageC meanD normal43.A momentaryB promptC instantD immediate44.A bulkB hostC
5、 grossD magnitude45.A OnB WithC ForD By46.A broadlyB thoroughlyC generallyD completely47.A howeverB meanwhileC thereforeD moreover48.A atB inC aboutD for49.A manifestedB approvedC shownD speculated50.A notedB impressedC labeledD markedSection IIIReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages b
6、elow is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 po
7、ints)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several gian
8、t dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by th
9、e Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now s
10、o full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have
11、all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will
12、 cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood co
13、ntrol and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that _.A people wo
14、uld be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB the blind could be happier than the sightedC over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to _.A areas short of electricityB dams without power station
15、sC poor countries around IndiaD common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?A They bring in more fertile soil.B They help defend the country.C They strengthen international ties.D They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may bes
16、t be interpreted as _.A “Its no use crying over spilt milk”B “More haste, less speed”C “Look before you leap”D “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is hard
17、er to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat
18、faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is no
19、t conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways
20、of organizing the workplace - all that re-engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, m
21、ost of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent y
22、ears may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In m
23、any cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDOs Al Rose
24、nshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish - “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is _.A not as good as it seemsB at its turning pointC much better than it seemsD near to complete recove
25、ry56.The official statistics on productivity growth _.A exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB fall short of businessmens anticipationC meet the expectation of business peopleD fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because
26、_.A he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B he does not think the productivity revolution worksC he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A Radical refo
27、rms are essential for the increase of productivity.B New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship wit
28、h other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until
29、 recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics - but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and
30、 Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) infor
31、mation,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghost
32、s, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans
33、who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial
34、growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence suppo
35、rting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term anti-science can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University phil
36、osopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means _.A confrontationB dissatisfactionC separ
37、ationD contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _.A discuss the cause of the decline of sciences powerB show the authors sympathy with scientistsC explain the way in which science developsD exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the pas
38、sage?A Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.C The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.D Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The authors attitude toward the issue of “scienc
39、e vs. anti-science” is _.A impartialB subjectiveC biasedD puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development - and its strong implications f
40、or US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people - numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in
41、a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states - Florida, Texas and California
42、- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th - with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow b
43、elt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too - and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more
44、, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instancesRegionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate - 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona
45、 grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people - about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere
46、do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West
47、. Often they chose - and still are choosing - somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent - little more than two thirds th
48、e 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _.A enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC underwent an unparalleled peri