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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上开头部分实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that doingwill lead to To support the conclusion, the arguer points out thatIn addition, the arguer reasons thatThe argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象自己改正 根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that should
2、advise to To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that Thus should follow the studys recommendation and in order to 自己尝试新方法 根据预测 和 假想The conclusion in this argument is that can expect to by doing In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that Moreover, the arguer assumes that
3、this attempt has benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions. 换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that should This recommendation is based on the observation that Meanwhile, the arguer assumes to be a better choice because Thi
4、s argument is problematic for reasons.自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that should To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of where In addition, the arguer assumes that This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文部分The major problem with this arg
5、ument is that Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument. the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence For instance since whats more etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make gen
6、eral claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the is vague. But we are told nothing about the way the pol
7、l was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.（民意测验）How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：（平均值）The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between（实验的数据不可靠）the data of the research is unconvincing（样本太小）the sample
8、is too small to.（光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole group, we should not be so sure about the conclusion that the whole groupThe arguer commits a fallacy of h
9、asty generalization. It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the companys markets while doesnt show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets. 实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用 有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not simil
10、ar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding respectively 别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that may Unless the arguer also t
11、akes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that and hence varies significantly. 没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of send
12、ing its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because or because ?-其他：The fact that does not necessarily imply that First of all, the argument is based on a h
13、asty generalization. According to the cited studies which is understandable.It is very likely that and hence varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing respectively The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was th
14、e sample How many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that 结尾部分To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility bec
15、ause the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in t
16、his argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about As it stands, the argument is not well re
17、asoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that is the only condition that Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.范文观摩 Argument 37 The following is a memorand
18、um from the director of personnel to the president of Get-Away Airlines.Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting and maintaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to send them to the Quality-Care Seminar, a two-week seminar on proper maintenance procedures. I recommend this semina
19、r because it is likely to be a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that the performance of its maintenance crews improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. These maintenance crews perform many of the same functions as do our mechanics, incl
20、uding refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar will inevitably lead to improved maintenance and thus to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline.建议，看别人好自己也要 In this argument, the arguer concludes that sending the mechanic
21、s of Get-Away Airlines to a two-week Quality-Care Seminar on proper maintenance procedures will automatically lead to improved maintenance and to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for the airline. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that the performance of the mai
22、ntenance crews in the automobile racing industry improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. In addition, the arguer reasons that since the maintenance crews of the automobile racing industry and the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines perform many of the same functions, the airlines wi
23、ll gain similar benefits from the training program. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies. First, the argument Is based on a false analogy. The arguer simply assumes that airplane mechanics and automobile maintenance crews perform many similar functions, but he does not provide any e
24、vidence that their functions are indeed comparable. As we know, the structure, operation and function of airplanes and those of automobiles differ conspicuously. It is true that both the airplane and the automobile need refueling and engine maintenance, but even here there exist fundamental differen
25、ces: the structure and the building materials of each others engines are different, so is the oil they use. Therefore, even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in improving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee that it
26、 will work just as well for airplane mechanics. Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that there wi
27、ll be greater profits as well as greater customer satisfaction for the airline. As we know, customer satisfaction depends on several major factors other than good maintenance of the airplane. For instance, customers are generally concerned about the punctuality, the on-board service, the ticket pric
28、e, the luggage handling procedure and even the discount, all of which are ignored by the arguer. Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning how the airplane can improve its profits. Unless Get-Away Airlines can significantly increase its customers or passengers and at the
29、same time cut down its costs, both of which are unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that it will inevitably harvest greater profits. Actually, the arguers recommendation of investing in this training program as the only way to increase customer satisfaction and profits would most proba
30、bly turn out to be ineffective and misleading. In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between sending Get-A ways mechanics to the Quality-Care Seminar and improved maintenance, greater customer satisfaction and greater profits for the airline. To strengthen the argument,
31、the arguer would have to provide evidence that automobile maintenance and airplane maintenance are similar in every aspect. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the relationship between improved maintenance and greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits
32、. Argument 47: The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electri
33、city than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the studys recomme
34、ndation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.建议，根据不科学调查 In this argument, the arguer recommends that Claria should advise its citizens to install both air conditioners and fans for cooling in order to reduce the cost of electricity. To justify this claim, the
35、arguer provides the evidence that many citizens of Claria suffer from the rising costs of electricity. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that using fans alone costs more than using air conditioners alone, and that using both air conditioners and fans costs less than either using fan
36、s or air conditioners alone. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is. In the first place, the arguer fails to take into account the geographical factors in the analysis. While we are informed that there are wide geographical differences in the nation of C
37、laria, and that many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity, the arguer fails to make clear the exact number of those citizens or their percentage in the national population, as well as the geographical distribution of these citizens. If only a small portion of the whole population ar
38、e experiencing the rising costs of electricity while most families do not have similar experience, then the reason might be that the former do not use electricity sparingly. In this case, the rising costs of those families have nothing to do with what kind of electric appliance they use to cool thei
39、r houses. Or if only families living in hot areas are spending more money on cooling, then it is unwise to require citizens living in temperate and frigid zones to install both fans and air conditioners. In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate the recommended poli
40、cy that is intended to help every household nationwide to reduce their electricity cost. In the second place, the comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that using fans alone is more cost effective than using air conditioners alone, and that using both fans and
41、 air conditioners are the least expensive way of cooling. However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding the actual amount of time for using, respectively, fans alone, air conditioners alone, and both fans and air conditioners in those three groups of surveyed families. It is very li
42、kely that these three groups of families are located in three very different climatic regions of Claria, and hence the amount of days of the year during which they need to cool their houses varies significantly. Families living in cooler areas of the nation certainly cool their houses for fewer hour
43、s and hence use less electricity than families living in hot areas, no matter what cooling appliance they use. Unless we are certain that the surveyed families live in the same climatic region, or that they need to cool their houses for the same amount of hours in the same year although they live in
44、 different regions, which is very unlikely, we have every reason to doubt the trustworthiness of this comparative study. Furthermore, the arguer ignores the possibility that the families who are spending more on electricity may be using more electricity for purposes other-than cooling. Unless the ar
45、guer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence
46、 concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the electric expense relevant to the actual amount of time for cooling among, respectively, the three groups of households and the amount
47、 of electricity used for other purposes in all three groups of families under survey. Argument 57: The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that bot
48、h mate and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect a