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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Amy Tan Two kinds I. Biographic Sketch A. Family Background and Education Amy Tan was born on February 19, 1952, to John and Daisy Tan who immigrated to United States to escape from the Chinese civil war in 1949, when the communist took over the country. Born in Oakland, California, Tan
2、 lived and moved several times with her father, who was an electronic engineer and a Baptist minister, and her mother, a vocational nurse. When she was merely fourteen, Tan and her brother Peter moved to Switzerland with Mrs. Tan after John Tan and the eldest son of the family died of brain tumors.
3、There in Switzerland, Tan managed to graduate from high school as a foreigner, striving to live with her mother through arguments and family turmoil. In 1969, the family moved back to States and settled down in Santa Clara, California. The constant conflict between Tan and her mother lasted for some
4、 time so that they did not contact nor communicate with each other for half of a year. Like many Chinese parents expectation of wanting their offspring to become medical doctors, Tans mother was no exception. Mrs. Tan has high expectation on Tan and hence she sent her off to Linfield College in McMi
5、nnville, Oregon, for her medical education. Despite faithfully committing to her mothers wish, Tan met Lou DeMattei and followed him to San Jose City College to continue her study. She changed her study subject to linguistics and graduated as a double major: BA of linguistics and English. San Jose S
6、tate University granted her a master degree in linguistics in 1973, and after that, she was admitted as a doctoral student in linguistics with fellowship in University of California at Berkeley. Yet, she decided to quit the program after one year and began to work as a language development consultan
7、t. By then, she has become Mrs. DeMattei, and the family was prosperous with Lous tax law business and her own career of helping disabled children. The job later got her a position of editing a medical journal. But after 1983, Tan switched to be a business/technical writer. The blooming financial en
8、vironment, however, did not bring along happiness for Tan. She was mentally troubled and hence began to seek for professional psychological help. After a failure of psychological counseling session, Tan set her heart to writing for curing herself. She then started to write to share and to cure. B. S
9、ignificant influence on Tan and her work It is the constant conflict with Daisy Tan, her mother, and the emotional turmoil that Daisy has bestowed on her that have made Tan discover the resources of scheming her successful novels. Daisy Tans early life and biographical stories were legends themselve
10、s. Grew up in an old esteemed family in Shanghai, she witnessed her mothers tragic life. After her scholar husbands death, Jingmei, Tans maternal grandmother, was raped and taken as a low-ranked concubine by a wealthy industrialist. She brought Daisy with her to live in the wealthy family in Shangha
11、i and confided her dilemmatic suffering with her daughter before she committed suicide. Daisy grew up with painful loss of her mother and got married early, but she did not live a happy life afterward; instead, Daisy was maltreated by her violent and abusive chauvinist husband Wang Zo that later too
12、k away her right of visiting her three daughters, and further had her persecuted to prison for two years after she escaped and divorced him. During the Sino-Japanese War, she flew with John Tan, a brilliant student who rejected MITs offer but attended Berkeley Baptist Divinity School, and thereafter
13、, they immigrated to States. Tans first two and the most well known works put one theme center-staged the relationship of the traditional immigrant mother and the second generation Chinese-American daughter. In accordance with Daisys stories and Tans own childhood hardship, growing up under severe s
14、upervision and with high standards for everything, she schematically tells the story of her mother, her grandmother and other female related or unrelated acquaintance, along with the aids of the ancient folklores, stories and legends that she learned from her father when she was a child. Through her
15、 skillful writing techniques and brilliant story-telling, Tans first publication of the first novel swept the world and her name has the become a household one. II. Her Works Raised by a determined mother whose legendary biographical stories are already fascinating, Amy Tan explicitly expressed her
16、love-hate relationship with her strict mother who had one time mentally tormented her with overloaded expectation and emotional dramatic reactions. Fed with ancient Chinese legends, folk stories, traditions and superstitious beliefs, Tan grew up in a bicultural environment, feeling the complexity an
17、d difficulty in her life, just like many second-generation Chinese-Americans. A. Joy Luck Club This first novel of Tans was not meant to be a novel, originally; yet after her story appeared in several major magazines, an agent came to her and encouraged her to compile all those interesting short sto
18、ries into a novel that is addressing to the community. Tan accepted the idea and initiated her writings avidly. Furthermore, there was Daisys depression and heart attack that almost took away her life; all of the misfortunes brought Tan clear acknowledgement of the fear of losing her mother and the
19、fulfillment of her mothers wishes. The short stories were hence arranged, organized and published as a novel with the plot interwoven with four pairs of mother-daughter relationships. Within each female character in Joy Luck Club, there are shadows of Daisy Tan, Daisys mother and Tan. Tan depicts th
20、e conflicts, love, upheaval, entangled and the dilemmatic situations between the elder generation and the younger one. The conventional Chinese mothers and their Chinese-American daughters learn from each other through the pivotal events and issues such as rivalry, female defiant position against th
21、e patriarchy, family secrets, racism, the search of self and identity and the silence which is usually the undertone of suffering, anger, acquiesce or submission. Despite that some critics regard Tans overall manipulation in Joy Luck Club, the novel turns Tans name a worldwide well-known one. The no
22、vel is translated to more than twenty languages and endorsed by major awards. Yet, while most readers and critics received the writer as a powerful and marvelous story teller, Huntley pointed out that Tan contends that Asian American issues particulary Chinese American life are not the primary drivi
23、ng force behind her writng (38) when she faces the label that categorizes her as an Asian American writer. Huntley considers her works revealing universal concerns and themes, but regards her voice as one that speaks out for a distinctive diaspora culture and for the ethnic minority of her kind.B. T
24、he Kitchen Gods Wife In addition to the family history as the main scheme for her second novel, Tan continues the discussion of the mother-daughter dyad between two generations and further weaves in the issues of marriage, gender equality, identity-development, friendship and cultural dislocation. W
25、hats worth mentioning is that Tan takes her father as the model for the character of Jimmy Louie, whose stories and history have strong impact on Weili, the protagonist.C. The Hundred Secret SensesTans third novel further complicates mother-daughter dyad by juxtaposing the binary oppositional experi
26、ence of the ancient orient and the modern occident. The half sisters of Olivia, the American gal, and Kwan, the Chinese young woman, adding up Simon, Olivias husband, go on a trip to China. The business trip makes the couple of Olivia and Simon face the problem of their marriage in the eye, and with
27、 Kwans role of replacing the absent mother, Olivia experiences the myth of reincarnation. In terms of the book reviews, on the one hand, critics like Stephen Souris deems The Joy Luck Club educational and opulent, and Malini Johar Schueller stresses the significance of Tans dealing with the issue of
28、 representation and identities with the language (Xu 370). On the other hand, Pin-chia Feng finds the mysticism in The Hundred Secret Senses unconvincing and the scenarios of reincarnations somewhat overdone. Although there are controversies over Tans schematic writings that she endeavors to do the
29、suppressed Chinese women justice, and there are doubts on her problematic and melodramatic usage of Chinese myths, legends and superstitions, and on the issue of her representation of China, Tans novels not merely are bestsellers, but inspire her readers and arouse discussion and attention in many w
30、ays. Reference Feng, Pin-chia. Amy Tan. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 173. American Novelists Since World War II, Fifth Series. Eds. James R. Giles and Wanda H. Giles. Bruccoli Clar Layman Book. Gale, 1996. 281-289. Amy Tan. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Am
31、y Tan: A Literary Companion. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. Xu, Wenying. Amy Tan. Asian American novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000. 365-373. 譚
32、恩美1952-壹、生平简介一、家庭暨教育背景谭恩美于一九五二年的二月十九日出生在美国加州奥克兰市，为谭家华裔美人第一代。谭氏夫妇于一九四九年国共内战后期、中共逐渐得势时逃亡海外。身为具有电机工程师背景的牧师，谭父与原为执业护士的谭母，在美初期曾带着年幼的恩美四处迁徙居住，甚至于在谭父与恩美兄长因脑疾过世之后，谭母带着年仅十四岁的恩美与其弟前往瑞士居住直到她自高中毕业。在瑞士，恩美叛逆的性情曾经与其母关系剑拔弩张，她曾于专访中透露，正直叛逆期的她曾有离家与男友私奔的企图，但总还是努力勉强撑过高中生活。谭母于一九六九年带着两名子女返美，并在加州的圣塔克拉拉市定居下来。恩美自青少年时期便与其母相处不
33、易，母女往往在争吵冲突之中而冷战而疏远，谭氏曾经于访谈中提及与母亲曾经历冷战时期，完全失去联系长达半年之久。一如许多华人父母亲对于子女往往期望甚高，谭母亦然。由于她希冀谭氏从医，因此自谭市甫自高中毕业，返美不久后，谭母便将其女注册位于奥瑞冈州的麦克敏市林菲尔德医学院就学。尽管她曾尝试寻其母之期望学医，入学不久后，因工作机会而认识了未来夫婿卢德迈堤的谭氏，在不顾母亲的反对之下，毅然弃医学，跟随德迈堤转至圣荷西市立学院继续学业。转至文学院主修语言学的她，于毕业时获得语言学与文学双学位。其后，谭氏于圣荷西州立大学毕业，在一九七三年获得语言学硕士学位，并基于她优异的表现，加州大学柏克来分校给予其全额奖
34、学金继续攻读博士学位。谭氏于博士课程的第二年因故放弃学业，转从事语言发展顾问，其夫德迈堤从事税务律师事务繁忙，也让谭氏对于经济状况无后顾之忧，得以继续积极帮助语言障碍学童。由于谭氏的语言专业与她对语言学的热衷，在语言发展顾问的事业上轨道后，不久她争取到某医学期刊的编辑职务，也因此，她开始与文学领域结下不解之缘，甚至在卸下医学期刊的编辑职务之后，她转业从事商业科技写作。然而，富裕的经济环境并未让谭氏对于她的生活产生成就感，由于长期抑郁不乐，谭氏决定寻求心理医疗协助，盼能为其生活重拾乐趣信心。在屡次求医却并未达到效果，特别是在一次失败的心里咨询疗程后，谭氏决意以写作为自我疗养方式，开始认真的记录并
35、为寻求心理平静而写作。二、对于谭氏生命与作品的巨大影响谭氏成长的过程中，长期与母亲处于紧张冲突，却又维持血浓于水的亲情恩情关系，加上华美两世代的价值观与母亲对于她的寄望甚高，在铺陈她的小说情节时，造成不少戏剧张力。谭母早年生活及其背景对谭氏而言充满了传奇。谭母生于上海望族，母亲静梅（音译）在丈夫过世之后，因缘际会认识上海富商，却在一次出游时惨遭玷污，因此被迫纳为富商小妾。静梅忍辱负重将女儿（谭母）带进富商家，在自尽之前将自己惨痛的遭遇告诫女儿。谭母成年之后早婚离家，却遇人不淑，与传统沙文夫婿育有三女，后因与其夫无法和睦相处、屡遭施暴而逃脱婚姻关系，前夫也因此不仅完全剥夺谭母探视女儿的监护及探视
36、权，并且加害其入狱长达两年。谭母从事护理工作， 于中日八年抗战时结识谭父，两人相恋并于国共内战后期移民美国，在加州进行福音浸信会传道。谭氏最富盛名的两部出版小说有相似的主题中心传统价值教育下的华人移民第一代母亲与二代（华裔）女儿之关系。经由谭母的口述传奇和谭氏本人自小所受的严苛标准规范，以及她外祖母的人生经历、其他女性友人亲属的故事等等题材都在谭氏小说中，附会穿凿从小由父亲所传承的中国民间信仰、传说、意象等文化教育，与第二代所接受的美式教育、价值观，种种冲击建构之下，成为她笔下丰富的小说故事。这些多样而有趣的题材再加上她技巧性的铺陈叙事，造就了她横扫全美、全球的首部小说，也让谭恩美成为家喻户晓
37、的华美作家。贰、作品简介由其意志力坚定又充满传奇的母亲所抚育养成，谭氏借著作品出发，为她自身经历的爱恨交织的母女关系，对她严苛的母亲给予她的喜乐与悲怨，寄与她的厚望却为之带来心理上沉重的负担等情绪作抒发。谭氏作品中充满幼年时所听信的中国民间故事、鬼怪迷信、宗教信仰，这些题材都在她堆砌成文本的过程中，成为引人入胜的一章章精彩而戏剧化的小说情节。一、喜福会谭氏的首部小说原本只是单独出版的文章群出现在不同的主要发行杂志期刊上。在一名代理商对其文感兴趣，并鼓励谭氏集结出版之后，谭氏考虑邀约并慎重打算将发表过的短篇故事整理、贯连成册发行的同时，谭母因病住院，谭氏心理上害怕失去母亲的恐惧更使她想为母亲达成
38、心愿的想法油然而生，因此决定出版小说。于是经由剪辑、组织整理过后，喜福会以四对母女的故事为背景，叙事不同时代背景的华美两代辛酸血泪。在喜福会里，几乎每一个故事都有谭氏、 谭母、以及静梅（谭氏外祖母）的影子。在喜福会里，谭氏详细刻画两代母女之间的冲突矛盾、爱恨情愁和进退两难的情境。中国母亲与华美第二代女儿彼此由不同的文化经验而学习、适应、而传承与妥协之中，亦敌亦友的母女对立关系成为中心主题，而家族密史、种族冲突歧视、女性受父权社会压迫而噤声、而求反抗，以及两代身分认同上的差异等概念，都成为造就喜福会小说中的各个女性角色悲喜怒怨的重要指标。尽管某些书评认为谭氏过分铺陈装饰喜福会，这部小说使得谭氏成
39、为畅销小说家，不仅为她赢得不少奖项的肯定，也被翻译成二十多种语言流通于世界各地。当各界对于谭氏首部小说所造成的风潮给予高度的赞扬，书评杭特立指出：尽管谭氏宣称其写书的对话对象并不只是针对特定的华美族群，其关心议题也并不只局限于亚裔美人经历，他的作品中所隐含的普世价值、关怀与世界通行的主题，透过谭氏的喜福会华美小说的题材，特别为离散故土的族群文化以及她所代表的美国少数族裔发声。二、灶君娘娘除了将错综复杂的家族传说故事搬进文本，谭氏在这本小说中继续以母女文化价值迥异的二元关系为中心，探讨婚姻、两性平等、身分认同发展、友情与文化融合等等多样题材。值得一提的是，谭氏以其父亲作为此部小说中的关键人物写照
40、，在故事中，让吉米路易的人生经历奇遇对于主要人物伟莉有深切的影响，一如谭父之于谭氏。三、通灵女孩谭氏的第三部小说借中西对等迥异的文化传承等题材再将母女关系复杂化，提升另一境界。美国女孩奥莉微亚的同母异父姊妹可婉甫来自中国便与奥莉微亚同处。奥莉微亚在可婉叙述的中国传奇故事之中成长，成年之后与夫婿赛门与姊姊一同踏上中国之旅，原本问题重重的婚姻关系和亦母亦姊的亲情之中，奥莉微亚经历似灵异的第六感经验而对于人生有更深刻的体悟。就书评的立场，一部份的书评，像是史帝芬苏礼士便高度认同喜福会的教育意义和华丽的文字铺陈；马礼尼舒耶勒则强调谭氏文字中的再现与身分认同议题的意义。另一方面，冯品佳特别指陈审视通灵女孩内含神秘主义元素的可信度以及谭氏夸张而刻意的营造轮回场景。尽管往往有评论出现质疑谭氏所营造过度的中国女性卑屈遭遇、她充满争议性的通俗呈现可能已遭扭曲的中国神话、民间传奇以及迷信等问题，谭氏小说不仅是畅销书排行榜上的常胜军，也借着她的故事激发多层面而广泛的讨论与重视。专心-专注-专业