测绘专业英语(共6页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、geomatics 测绘学geodesy 大地测量学surveying and mapping 测绘photogrammetry 摄影测量学re mote sensing ( RS) 遥感global positioning system ( GPS) 全球定位系统satellite positioning 卫星定位geographic information systems ( GIS) 地理信息系统land management 土地管理computer graphics 计算机图形学二、geodetic surveying 大地测量,大地测量学plane s

2、urveying 平面测量, 平面测量学control survey 控制测量horizontal survey 水平测量, 平面测量vertical survey 高程测量, 垂直测量topographic survey 地形测量detail survey 碎部测量land survey ( property survey, boundary survey, cadastralsurvey)土地测量, 地籍测量route survey 路线测量pipe survey 管道测量city survey 城市测量hydrographic survey 水道测量marine survey 海洋测量m

3、ine survey 矿山测量geological survey 地质测量三、distance measurement 距离测量precise ranging 精密测距pacing 步测, 定步distance measuring instrument, rangefinder 测距仪E D M (electronic distance measurement) 电子测距仪geodimeter 光速测距仪, 光电测距仪electro magnetic distance measuring instrument 电磁波测距仪electro-optical distance measuring i

4、nstrument 光电测距仪long-range E D M instrument 远程电子测距仪infrared ED M instrument 红外测距仪laser distance measuring instrument,laser ranger 激光测距仪microwave distance measuring instrument 微波测距仪satellite laser ranger 卫星激光测距仪two-color laser ranger 双色激光测距仪distance- measuring error 测距误差fixed error 固定误差proport ional e

5、rror 比例误差sighting distance 视距m ult ipl ication constant 乘常数addition constant 加常数stadia multiplication constant 视距乘常数stadia addition constant 视距加常数standard f ield of length 长度标准检定场nominal accuracy 标称精度stadia hair 视距丝,视距线stadia interval 视距间隔四、horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角depression angle 俯角,俯

6、视角zenith distance 天顶距elevation angle 高度角horizontal circle 水平刻度盘vertical circle 垂直度盘true north 真北geodet ic azim uth 大地方位角grid bearing 坐标方位角gyro azim uth 陀螺方位角m agnetic azimuth 磁方位角m ethod by series, method of direction observation 方向观测法m ethod in al l com binations 全组合测角法五、control network 控制网horizont

7、al control network 平面控制网,水平控制网vertical control network 高程控制网control point 控制点triangulat ion 三角测量tri lateration 三边测量triangulaterat ion 边角测量forward intersection 前方交会resection 后方交会side intersection 侧方交会l inear-angular intersection 边角交会法l inear intersect ion 边交会法traversing 导线测量traverse point 导线点traverse

8、 leg 导线边traverse angle 导线折角open traverse 支导线closed traverse 闭合导线closed loop traverse 闭合环导线connecting traverse 附和导线angle closing error of traverse 导线角度闭合差totallength closing error of traverse 导线全长闭合差closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增量闭合差traverse network 导线网triangulaterat ion network 边角网triangu

9、lat ion network 三角网trilateration network 三边网survey specif ications,specif ications of surveys 测量规范六、reference datum 参考基面, 参考基准面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956 黄海高程系统national vertical datum of 1985 1985 国家高程基准Direct leveling, spirit leveling 几何水准测量Differential leveling 微差水准测量trigonometric leveli

10、ng 三角高程测量barometric leveling 气压水准测量gravimetric leveling 重力水准测量river-crossing leveling 跨河水准测量B M (bench mark) 水准基点level rod 水准尺level 水准仪backsight ( BS) 后尺foresight ( FS) 前尺height of instrument ( HI) 仪器高height of target ( H T ) 目标高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附和水准路线closed leveling line

11、 闭合水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线refraction correct ion 折光差改正elevation of sight 视线高程Optical level 光学水准仪electronic level 电子水准仪automatic level, compensator level 自动安平水准仪laser level 激光水准仪1-1、The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a nu

12、mber of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science and/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语作为一个学科第一次形 成于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向的课程后重新

13、命名的。）1-2、Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis.（这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业里和学校建立了一个一致的专业市场）1-3、As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”: Geomatics is a field of activities which,

14、using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大测量学会在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义：测绘 学是利用系统的方法， 为生产和处理

15、 科学的， 行政的， 法律的 和技术的业务 所需的空间信息，将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法整合在一起的活动领域。2-1、Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earths surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper

16、 plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征 ；并使之按比例测绘成 地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式 形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。 ）2-2、Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not alon

17、g straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近测量 距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。)Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. （因此，在大地测量距离的计算中，参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差就显示出来

18、。 ）2-3、For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earths surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earths

19、surface having an area of 100km . （例如， 地球表面一条 18.5km 长的弧只比其所对的弦长 7mm，在一个面积为 100 平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角 形中的内角和之差只有 0.51 秒）2-4、The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature o

20、f the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.（常规的测高程的程序是，例如，在微差水准测量中平衡前后视距，地球曲率和大气折光影响将被自动考虑和 低偿 ，不必经测量者额外改正 ，至参考曲面的高程就是可靠 的了。 ）3-1、By reading the top and bottom stadia hair

21、s on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying the stadia interval factor K by the stadia interval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C. （通过望远镜视野里的上下视距丝读数， 从仪器到尺的平距可以

22、用视距常数 K 乘视距间隔加上从仪器中心到主焦点的距离 C 得到。 也就是，D=Ks + C）3-2、Although there is a wide variety of EDM instruments available with different wavelengths, there are basically only two methods of measurement employed which may divide the instruments into two classification as electro-optical (light waves) and micr

23、owaves (radio waves) instruments.（尽管不同的 EDM 用到不同的波长，基本上只有两种测量方法在使用，可以将其分为光电测距仪和 微波测距仪）3-3、They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase differences between transm

24、itted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source. （沿着要测的路径发射 光波或微波， 并测出发射和收到反射信号之间的时间间隔， 或者是测出发射和接受反射信号之间的 相差 ，它们通过这种方法来运行。）3-4、Modern EDM instruments are fully automatic to such an extent that, after the instruments, set up on one station, emits a modulated light beam to

25、a passive reflector set up on the other end of the line to be measured. The operator need only depress a button, and the slope distance is automatically displayed. More complete EDM instruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distan

26、ce. These instruments referred to as total station instruments.（现代的 EDM 全自动化到这样的程度 ，在一个站 点安置，需测距离线的另一处安置有反射棱镜，发射一束已调制的光束到 棱镜上，操作者仅仅 需要按一个键，斜距就自动显示出来。更完全的EDM 还具有测水平角、竖直角和 天顶角的功能，这种仪器被称为全站仪）4-1、The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles of either glass or silver. The horizontal and vert

27、ical circles of theodolite can be linked to circular protractors graduated from 0 to 360 in a clockwise manner set in horizontal and vertical plane.（经纬仪有一个 玻璃的或镀银的水平度盘和竖直度盘。经纬仪的水平度盘和竖直度 盘与顺时针刻了 0 到 360 度刻划的圆分度器相连）4-2、The instrument contains a pendulum compensator or some other provision for indexing

28、 the vertical circle readings to an absolute vertical direction. （这种仪器具有一个悬挂补偿器或其它装置，使竖盘指标读数指向一个绝对竖直方向）4-3、Azimuth ranges in magnitude from 0 to 360 , values in excess of 360 , which are sometimes encountered in computations, are simply reduced by 360 before final listing.（方位角的取值范围从 0 度到 360 度，超过 36

29、0 的值有时会在计算时遇到 ，只需减去 360 度即可）4-4、The bearing, which can be measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the meridian, is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which the line falls.（方向 角可以从子午线 北端或南端以顺时针或逆时针量测， 总是伴以字母， 用来标明 直线所落在的象限 ）5-1、A control network ma

30、y cover a small area by using a “local” coordinate system that allows you to position the features in relation to the control network but doesnt tell you where the features are on the surface of the earth, or cover a large area by consisting of a few well-placed and precise-established control point

31、s, which is sometimes called the primary control.（一个控制网可以 是覆盖小范围，使用区域坐标系统，允许你相对于控制网确定地貌特征，但却不告诉你它们在地表的 什么地方；或者覆盖一个广大区域，由少数被适当安置并精确测设的控制点组成，有时被称为基础控制）5-2、An open traverse originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position,

32、 and terminates at a station whose relative position is not previously known.（支导线起始于一个水平位置已知（相对于一个水平基准 ）或水平位置假定的点，终止于相对位置事先未知的站点。 ）5-3、Closed traverses provide also checks on the measured distances, and the position closure can be determined mathematically, which means that an indication of the cons

33、istency of measuring distances as well as angles should be given to a traverse that closes on itself.闭合导线同时提供测量过的距 离的检核，位置的闭合差可以计算得到，这就意味着测量的距离同测角一样，应当予以闭合5-4、But the Errors in the measured distances and angles of the traverses, however, will tend to alter the shape of the traverse, therefore we sho

34、uld compute the algebraic sum of the latitudes and algebraic sum of the departures, and compare them with the fixed latitude and departure of a straight line from the origin to the closing point.（但是距离和角度的测量误差，会改变导线的 形状，因此我们应当分别计算纵距与横距的代数 和，然后与从起点到终点的连线的确定的纵距与横距相比较）6-1、In the 1987, this datum was fur

35、ther refined to reflect long periodical ocean tide change to provide a new national vertical datum of 1985, according to the observations at tidal stations from 1952 to 1979.1987 年，在依照了验潮站 1952 到 1979 年的观测资料后，这个基准被进一 步精确反映长时期海潮变化的 85 国家高程基准建立起来6-2、Inertial positioning system, in which an inertial pl

36、atform has tree mutually perpendicular axes, one of which is “up”, so that the system yields elevation as one of the outputs.（惯性定位系统， 含有一个惯性平台，具有三个互相垂直轴，其中一个是“向上” 的，所以这个系统产生的输出其中一个就是高程。 6-3、Owing to refraction, actually the line of sight is slightly curved, the effects of curvature and refraction fo

37、r the horizontal distance can be reduced to a negligible amount and no correction for curvature and refraction is necessary if backsight and foresight distances are balanced in practical operation. （由于大气折光 的缘故，实际上视线是有些弯曲的，如果在实际 工作 中后视距和前视距是相等的，曲率和折光的影响可以被当作可忽略的不必值，不需要对曲率和折光差进行改正6-4、The important notes should be mentioned here is that surveyors used to working with spirit levels have referenced orthometric heights (H) to the “average” surface of the earth, as depicted by MSL.这 里需要注意的是，测量者在水准测量工作中是以地球的“平均”表面，即平均海水面所描述的正高（H）为参考面专心-专注-专业