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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语基本句型一 词法1. 词类表词类英语名称缩写作用例词实词名词Nounsn.表示人或事物的名称.boy，flower代词Pronounspron.用来代替名词或数词等.they, some.形容词Adjectivesadj.用来修饰名词或代词.pretty, useful.动词Verbsv.表示动作或状态等.Work, know副词Adverbsadv.用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。slowly，very.数词Numeralnum.用来表示数量或顺序。one, first虚词冠词Articleart.用在名词前帮助说明其词义.a，an, the.介词Prepositi
2、onsprep.用在名词，代词等前面，表示与别的词的关系。for，from.连词Conjunctionconj.用来连接词与词或句与句.but，if.感叹词Interjectioninterj.表示说话时的感情或口气.oh，hello2. 代词表单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfy
3、ourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this, thatthese, those相互代词宾格each otherone another所有格each othersone anothers不定代词可数each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither不可数much, (a) little可数，不可数all, some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词anybody, anyone, anything, somebody
4、, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever)关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as二 句法1. 句子成分S= Subject 主语 V= Verb 谓语 O= Object 宾语 Oi= Indirect Object 间接宾语 Od= Direct Object直接宾语 A
5、= Attribute 定语 Adv= Adverbial 状语 C= Complement 补足语 SC= Subject Complement主语补足语 OC= Object Complement宾语补足语P= Predicative 表语 App= Appositive 同位语主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。 谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任
6、。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。宾语补足语：指在中有些，接了意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明的、等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。简单的说，宾语补足语就是补充说明宾语是什么或宾语怎么样表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。1.由两个或
7、两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。HetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgames.2. 简单句
8、的五种基本句型S + V （主 + 谓）S + V + P （主 + 系 + 表）S + V + O （主 + 谓 + 宾）S + V + Oi + Od （主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾）S + V + O + OC （主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补）基本句型1 主谓结构S + Vi由“主语+不及物动词”构成，常用来表示主语的动作。主语可有修饰语（定语），谓语可有修饰语(状语)。1.主语+不及物动词 （不及物动词）1. Time 2. The moon 3. We all 4.He5.Theyflies. rose. eat, and drink.is playinghave gone2.主语
9、+不及物动词+状语She often dreams. Did you sleep well? You go first and I will follow behind.3. 主语+不及物动词+副词(构成成语动词)The engine broke down. How did the accident come about? The bomb blew up.4.主语+不及物动词(有被动意思)The book is selling well. Does this cloth wash well? (主语+不及物动词)扩展和修饰 The boy spoke to his teacher. The
10、little boy spoke loudly to his teacher. The boy named Tom spoke to his math teacher in a low voice. The little boy called Tom spoke to his Chinese teacher.巩固练习：1她昨天回家很晚。She went home very late yesterday evening. 2会议将持续两个小时。The meeting will last two hours.3在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have
11、 taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 41919年，（在）北京爆发了“五.四”运动。The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 5每天八时开始上课。Classes begin at eight every day. 6这个盒子重五公斤This box weighs five kilos7五年前我住在北京。I lived in Beijing five years ago.8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。In autumn, some birds fly to the sou
12、th9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。My grandfather gets up early in the morning. 10. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.11.会议有可能开两个半小时.The meeting will last two and a half hours.12. 我所就读的学校坐落在那个美丽的湖The school where I study lies by the beautiful lake.13.她盼望已久的机会终于到来了.The
13、 chance which she wanted to get for a long time came at last.14. 正在睡觉的婴儿笑了.The sleeping baby smiles.基本句型2 主系表结构 S + Link. V + P由“主语+系动词+表语”组成，用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有：(1)表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound；(2)表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand；(3)表示状态变化的become, get, t
14、urn, go, run, fall, come, grow1.主语+系动词+形容词How are you? Im fine. He has fallen ill. They kept silent.2.主语+系动词+名词His dream has at last become a reality. He appeared a fool. It sounds a good idea.3.主语+系动词+副词Is Helen in? Summer is over. 4.主语+系动词+介词短语You know what you are after. Keep off the grass. The s
15、tudents are in favour of reform.5.主语+系动词+不定式His plan is to keep it secret. The only thing now is to take a taxi. Surely she was to be trusted.6.主语+系动词+动名词My job is repairing cars. Talking to him is talking to a wall. Their favourite pastime is playing chess.7.主语+系动词+从句My opinion is that the plan won
16、t work. The question is what you want to do.Thats where we differ. Thats how I look at it. The problem is who can be put in charge.8.主语+系动词+形容词+介词短语She is fond of this country. I was sick of lying in bed. They seem delighted with the result.9.主语+系动词+形容词+不定式Im happy to meet you. She was eager to see
17、her people.10.主语+系动词+形容词+从句Im glad you have come. Were not clear what theyre up to.I am not certain who he is. Hes doubtful whether he can afford it.(主语+连系动词+表语)扩展和修饰 The soup tastes good. To our surprise, The soup tastes good. The soup tastes good,which is beyond our expectation. Frankly speaking,
18、The soup tastes good. To be honest, The soup tastes so good as to surprise everyone.主系表句型的几个特例：1. As in China, the weather is different from area to area.2. We are greatly surprised to meet him there.3. It is not a good idea to spend your vacation with strangers.4. It is kind of you to say so.5. It
19、is not easy for them to go there by bike.6. Is it Tom who is playing the piano?7. It is a fact that they cant pass the exam.巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.2十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.3孩子们很少保持安静。Children seldom keep quiet. 4
20、她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5他失业了。 He is out of work. 6树叶已经变黄了The leaves have turned yellow.7这个报告听起来很有意思The report sounds interesting.基本句型3 主谓宾结构 S + Vt + O由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂，不定式就经常充当宾语。1.主语+及物动词+名词(代词)Do you know these them? He loved ice-cream
21、. What did he say?2. 主语+及物动词+反身代词Now I will introduce myself. They blamed themselves for the accident.3.主语+及物动词+同源宾语He smiled a strange smile. As he slept, he dreamed a dream.4.主语+成语动词+宾语He handed in his homework this morning. They are looked down by everyone.5. 主语+及物动词+不定式(做宾语)We cant afford to pay
22、 such a price. You must try to improve. He forgot which way to go.6.主语+及物动词+动名词(做宾语)Would you mind waiting for a few minutes? I prefer standing. I propose resting for half an hour.7.主语+及物动词+从句 (做宾语)/ wh-词 + to do He claimed that he saw the accident. I suggested (that) we (should) leave early.Do you
23、see why I did it? Can you tell which is which? Ill do what I can.She asked if she might call and see me. I dont remember when that happened.I dont know what to do with this issue.(主语+及物动词+宾语)扩展和修饰 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately, I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunat
24、ely, I forgot to mail the letter yesterday, which disappointed my mum so much.巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。I wrote a letter last night.2今天下午我想同你谈谈。I want to talk with you this afternoon.3这本书他读过多次了He has read this book many times.4他们成功地完成了计划。They have carried out the plan successfully.5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 That gentlema
25、n can speak three languages fluently.6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 Jim cannot dress himself.8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 He did not know what to say.10. 我开窗户你在意吗？ Do you mind my opening the wind
26、ow? 基本句型4 主谓双宾语结构 S + Vt + Oi + Od由“主语+及物动词+间接宾语人+直接宾语事物”组成。但若要先说出直接宾语(事物)，后说间接宾语(人)，则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings me cookies every day. He brings cookies to me every day. She bought me a beautiful skirt. She bought a beautiful skirt for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：(需借助
27、to的) bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；(需借助for的) buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。1.主语+双宾动词+名词/代词+名词She give me her telephone number. (to)Ill make you some fresh tea. (for)They forgave him his cri
28、mes.2.主语+双宾动词+名词/代词+从句I have warned him that it is not allowed.She showed me where her leg hurt.Tell me whatever you know about it.(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)扩展和修饰 Grandma told me a story. As expected, Grandma told me a story . Grandma told me a story for the purpose of cheering me up. Grandma told me one s
29、tory after another in the hope of cheering me up.巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 Mr. Johnson taught us German last year.2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Would you please pass me the dictionary?4他把车票给列车员看。 He showed the ticket to the conductor.5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Sha
30、ll I call you a taxi?6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.基本句型5 主谓复合宾语结构S + Vt + O + OC由“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用作宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。 Sud
31、denly I heard my neighbour shouting and laughing loudly. And then I saw a yellow car drive up along the Third Street and turn right into Park Road.常用的含宾语补足语的结构如下： V-ing 主动进行 Vt/Prep + O + OC(adj./n./prep.短语/ adv./V非谓语 V-ed 被动完成 ) To do 目的将来 V-ing 主动进行 Vt感官 + O + OC(adj./n./prep.短语/ adv./V非谓语 V-ed 被动
32、完成 ) do 全过程动词有：watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel等。（被动时，还原to） V-ing 进行 Vt使役 + O + OC(adj./n./prep.短语/ adv./V非谓语 V-ed 被动完成 )Do 主动动词有：have, make, let，get等 find it + adj. / n. +to do sth. 符合这个句式的动词有：feel, make, think, consider等1.主语+及物动词+宾语+形容词I thought her so nice and sincere.They d
33、idnt believe such a thing possible.He found it difficult to satisfy their needs.2.主语+及物动词+宾语+名词They called their daughter Mary.We elected Smith our chairman.We thought it our duty to help them.3.主语+及物动词+宾语+介词短语He put his books in order.This placed her in a very difficult position.She was placed in a
34、 very difficult position.4.主语+及物动词+宾语+副词She wished herself home.Dont leave me behind.5.主语+及物动词+宾语+不定式What do you advise me to do?I wish you to be happy?We all felt the plan to be unwise.6.主语+及物动词+宾语+不带to的不定式We cant let this go on.Did you notice him come in?7.主语+及物动词+宾语+现在分词I saw her chatting with Na
35、ncy.I hate you being unhappy.I could smell trouble coming.8.主语+及物动词+宾语+过去分词He watched the piano carried upstairs.You must make yourself respected.You have to get a photograph taken.(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)扩展和修饰 Wefoundthehallfull. Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers. Wefoundthegreathallfullofstud
36、entsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeoplesDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.巩固练习：1我们叫她Alice. We call her Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 All of us considered him honest.3他们把小偷释放了。They have set the thief free.
37、 4我要你把真相告诉我。 I want you to tell me the truth. 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 The guards ordered us to leave at once. 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 7他每个月理一次发He has his hair cut once a month8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We wont let her go out at night. 9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 The terrible sound made the
38、children frightened. 10她正在听人家讲故事。She is listening to someone telling stories. 11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 I have never seen the word used that way before12他感到很难跟你交谈。 He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起
39、立。 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 15.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。You should keep the room clean and tidy.16.我们选他当班长。We made him our monitor17.他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。His father told him not to play in the street18.老板让他整天做那项工作。The boss made him do the work all day.19.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁
40、唱了一个晚上I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.20.这消息使她很生气。The news made her sad21.我发现英语语法很难。I find English grammar very difficult基本句型6 There be句型 There be + S由“there + be + 主语”构成，用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：“某地有某物/某人”。 There was an old man sitting
41、quietly on a bench nearby. Once upon a time there was a farmer who worked hard in the fields every day.另外，除了be外，live, stand, come, go, lie, exist等动词也能用于这个句型，表示存在。在there引导的存在句中，谓语与最靠近的主语在人称和数上一致，并有时态和情态变化。如： There stand two huge trees in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived and old ki
42、ng in the town. There is / lies a river in front of my house.be的时态和情态变化有：现在有 There is/are 过去有 There was/were 将来有there will be；there is / are going to be现在已经有there has / have been可能有there might be肯定有there must be；there must have been过去曾经有there used to be似乎有There seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有there happe
43、n / happens / happened to be如：There must be a use for my talent. 天生我材必有用。There was a big fire in the early April of 1978.There seemed to be a big fire in the early April of 1978.There was said to be a big fire in the early April of 1978.There happened to be a big fire in the early April of 1978.There couldnt have been a big fire in the early April of 1978.提示：在书面表达中，“有”这个含义，我们会情不自禁地使用There be和have结构来表达。虽然能表达出原意，可是千篇一律，总会显得俗气呆板。试比较下面句子的翻译，便可见分晓。学校的体育中心有三个运动区域。a. There are three athletic areas in the