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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上名 词一名词的意义 从英语语法角度来讲,表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词,我们通常称为名词。例如:teacher,desk,Japanese,milk,physics等。 二名词的种类 英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。 1. 专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、 星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等,专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,必须使用the,如:the United States姓氏如果采用复数形式,表示该姓氏一家人,如:the Greens(格林一家
2、人)2. 普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或个抽象概念的名词。例如:worker,boy,machine等。普通名词可分 为以下四类: A. 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示个体的人或事物的名词。如:man ,pencil,chair等。 B. 集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。如:class,police,army,family等。 C. 物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。如:rice,glass,water,gas等。 D. 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示状态、品质、动作
3、、情感等抽象概念的名词。如:life,love,law, happiness等。 三名词的数 名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)两种。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词,一般有单数和复数两种形式,个体名词和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词;表示不可以计数的人或事物的名词叫不可数名词,一般不分单数和复数,前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。初中阶段学过的不可数名词有:news,paper,milk,orange(桔子汁),bread, chalk,truth,water,r
4、ice,work,housework,homework,luck,ink,meat,money ,sugar, grass,ice等等,如下图。 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词个体的人或事物的名词girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合名词一群人或一些事物的总称的名词people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可数名词物质名词无法分为个体的物
5、质或材料的名词water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名词状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care四. 名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数两种形式,可数名词的单数形式要在前加 “a或an”;复数形式在名词后加 “-s或-es”。可数名词由单数变为复数形式,其构成方法分为规则和不规则两种。1. 规则变化(可依照下表)当名词为词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks浊辅音、元音后读/z/boys, sharp
6、eners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh结尾加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾加es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加szoos,radios , photos, bamboos, pianos,kiloszerozeroszeroes以辅音字母+y结尾去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries以f或fe结尾加s/z/beliefs,roofs,gulfs,chefs, proofs去f或fe 变v 加 es/vz/leaves,wives,halves,kn
7、ives,thieves,loaves均可handkerchiefs / handkerchieves注意:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下词,妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf-leaves half-halves 2. 不规则变化A. 单复数同形,如:deer,sheep,fish,people,Chinese, J
8、apanese,Portuguese,Swiss,aircraftB. 改变单数名词中的元音字母 如: manmen ,womanwomen,footfeet, toothteeth,goosegeeseC. 含有man,woman的复合名词的变化与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,但是 human,German不是合成词,其复数要按一般规则变化如:EnglishmanEnglishmen,policewomanpolicewomen,Frenchwoman Frenchwomen D. 由man 和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式需要前后同时变化如:men workers,women
9、 teachers,gentlemen officialsE. 其他变化,如:childchildren ,mousemice,oxoxenF. 有些词只有复数形式 某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。如:trousers,glasses,clothes等。若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套)等,如:a pair of glasses,two pairs of trousers某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如:arms,clothes,goods,stairs等。G. 除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如: a dollar, two dollars;
10、 a yuan, two yuanH. 以s结尾仍为单数的名词,包括以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数如:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,The Arabian Nights等,谓语动词用三单3. 集合名词的单复数:集合名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数4. 不可数名词没有单复数之分,如:news,information,advice,furniture等 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下: A表示不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot oflots
11、of,some, any等词修饰 B表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”,即twothree+量词复数十of+不可数 名词,如:a glass of water,a piece of advice,two pieces of paper5. 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同,如下:food食物foods各种食物 time时间times时代 green绿色greens青菜 fish鱼fishes鱼的种类 sand沙sands沙滩 tea茶a tea一杯茶 chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡 paper纸a paper试卷、论文 wood木头a wood
12、小森林orange橘汁an orange橘子 cloth布a cloth桌布、抹布 room空间、余地a room房间glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜 fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒 补充:不同国家的人的单复数,见下表。 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人 the Chinese a Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanese a Japanesetwo Japanese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss美国人the Americansan Amer
13、icantwo Americans加拿大人the Canadians a Canadiantwo Canadians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen希腊人the G
14、reeka Greektwo Greeks瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans五可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语1. 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a great many等2. 修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有much, little, a little等3. 有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,如allsomeenougha lot oflots of等4. 一般不可数名词不可以用数目来计数,若要计数,要借助单位词,如piecebott
15、lepair等。piece其意为“张”“块”“条”等pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”,或有两半合成的“一条”“一副”等注:“a piecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是,其谓语通常与“piecepair”的数保持一致。六. 名词所有格 1. 名词格的种类有三个格,即主格、宾格和。名词的主格和宾格形式相同。名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系,相当于屋主代词,分为-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。2. -s 所有格有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。如:Where is the teachers of
16、fice?中的teachers。 名词词尾 变化 举例一般词直接在词尾 +sMr. Motts robot 单数名词词尾加 s the boys bag复数名词词尾没有s加 s mens room,childrens books 复数名词词尾有-s加 the workers struggle,girls school不能加 s的名词名词+of +名词the title of the song复合名词或短语s加在最后一个词尾a month or twos rest-s所有格的用法:A. 主要用于有生命的人或物,有些表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s来构成所 有格,如:todays
17、 paper,two hours rest,Americas policy B. 在表示店铺、教堂或某人家时,名词所有格可以表示地点,如:the barbers 理发店C. and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况,分别带有 -s表示“分别有”;若一个 s表示“两者共 有”,如:Jims and Jacks rooms(两间),Jim and Jacks room(一间) D. 用所有格表示节日的方法Teachers Day(教师节) Childrens Day(儿童节)Mothers Day(父亲节) Fathers Day(母亲节)2. of所有格A. 表示无生命的东西的名词或不能加s的名词
18、,通常都采用“of名词”的结构表示所有关系。如:the gate of the school,the windows of that houseB. 名词较长或其定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示所有关系。如:the story of Mr. Smith,the dog of the eight-year-old girlC. 表示有生命的和无生命的名词,一般都可用介词of短语来表示所有关心,有些情况下,of所有格有时可以与-s所有格互换如:the boys name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字) the dogs legs=the legs of the do
19、g(狗的腿) Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口) Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)D. 表示同位关系时,通常只用of所有格,如:the city of Beijing3. 双重所有格(of +名词所有格/名词性物主代词)同时使用s 和of的所有格,如:a friend of his, the big nose of Toms七. 名词的用法 1. 用作主语,要求谓语动词必须在人称和数两方面和其主语一致,如:One day,a little monkey was playing in
20、 a tree by the river 2. 作表语,如:The largest city of China is Shanghai 3. 作宾语,如:The students love their teachers 4. 作宾语补足语,如:They choose the boy monitor 5. 作同位语,如:We are waiting for Miss Yan,the English teacher 6. 作定语,如:The school gate was built last year 八. 部分词义辨析1、sport、game、match、race sport常指“户外运动”,
21、以锻炼为主,概念较大,如:People all around the world enjoy sports.game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动如:The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛,如:Our team won the league match.race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”,如: They were strong and won the boat race.2、festival、holiday、vacationfestival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续
22、一段时间的文娱活动,如:the Spring Festivalholiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期, 如:What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息 如:Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. 3、journey、tour、trip、travel journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思 如:He made up hi
23、s mind to make the journey to Dunhuang. tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等 如:He has gone on a walking tour. trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等,如:He took several trips to Shanghai. travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,多指旅行这一 行为,如:Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?4、sound、noise、voice sound指各种声音
24、,如:All of a sudden there was the sound of shots. noise主要指“噪音”,如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night. voice指人的“嗓音”如: The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、fish的问题 指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同 fishes 指许多种类的鱼,如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. fish指“鱼肉”
25、时是不可数名词,如:I prefer fish to meat.6question指“需要回答的问题” problem指“需要解决的问题”、“难题”,常至社会问题,比如说污染问题7between指“在(两者)之间” among指“在(三者以上)之间”,也可指在三者以上诸物体的“两者之间”8too和also用于肯定句和疑问句, too多用于句尾,also多用于句中,即用在动词be、助动词之后,实义动词之前 either主要用于否定句。 9lend意为“借(出)”,常连to borrow意为“借(入)”,常连from 10. say强调“说”的内容,如:What did he say at the
26、 meeting? speak意为“说”某种语言,“发言、演讲” talk意为“谈论、交谈”,强调“说”的连续性,如:They talked until it got dark tell意为“告诉”,强调“叙述、讲述”,多带双宾语,如:tell sb. sth. 11look强调“看”的动作 see强调“看”的结果,即“看见” read则指“看书(报纸)”,即“阅读”12interesting意为“(物)有趣的”;interested指“(人)感兴趣的” 13have to意为“必须、不得不”,强调客观需要 must意为“必须、应该”,强调主观愿望 14whether 和if这两个词都可做“是
27、否”讲,引导宾语从句,但在“whether or not” 结构中,一般用whether,不用 if15cross意思与across相近,都是“横越、穿过”,但cross是动词 along是“沿着”之意,可以说along the street,along the river 16work作“工作”讲,是不可数名词 job侧重于“职业”,是可数名词 17. person 与people 都有“人” 的意思,“一个人”用 a person,“两个人”用 two persons people 泛指 “人们”,是集合名词,表示复数 the people 指“人民”, a people指“一个民族”九.
28、专项练习I写出下列名词的复数形式。 1bag _ 2orange _ 3family _ 4wish _ 5leaf _ 6knife _ 7key _ 8baby _9tooth _ 10foot _ 11woman _ 12sheep _ 13Indian _ 14Japanese _ 15potato _ 16radio_ 17child _ 18fish _ 19Frenchman _ 20man doctor _II.将下列短语译成英语。(名词所有格的用法)1.吉姆的自行车 _ 2王叔叔的自行车 _ 3.教师节 _ 4.吉姆和凯特的父亲 _ 5.我父亲的一个朋友 _ 6.五分钟的路程
29、 _ 7.儿童节 _ 8.中国地图 _ 9.床头 _ 10.今天的作业 _ 11.孩子们的故事书 _ 12.在我姑姑家 _ 13.在医务室 _ 14.几年的时间 _ 15.我姐姐的朋友的书 _ III.选择填空。 1The day before yesterday she told me _ news Aa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good 2I wont go there with you,for I have a lot of _ to do Aworks Bjob Cwork Dworking 3 _ will conquer(征
30、服)nature AThe man BA man CThe men DMan 4Li Lei is a friend of _ AI sister Bmy sisters Cme sister Dmy sister of 5Have you read _ ? Atodays Btoday paper Cthe todays paper Dtodays paper 6There are lots of _in the basket on the table Atomatos Btomato Ctomatoss Dtomatoes 7Whose _ are these? Aphoto Bphoto
31、es Cphotos Dphotoss 8The cat caught two _ last night Amouses Bmice Cmouse Dmices 9There are many _ on the hill Asheeps Bsheep Csheepes Dsheeps 10There are six _ and fifteen _ in this w workshop Amans womans Bmen women Cmen womans Dman women 11. The children had _ in the park. A. good times B. good t
32、ime C. the good time D. a good time12. I am busy with my work these days. I dont get _. A. many sleep B. much sleep C. more sleep D. most sleep13. This is an interesting _. A. news B. information C. work D. job14. Her parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English15. Room 110 on th
33、e second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctors D. doctorss16. The room is _. They are brothers. A. Tom and Mikes B. Toms and Mikes C. Toms and Mike D. Tom and Mike17. The box is made of a kind of hard _. A. wooden B. wood C. woods D. word18. Can you see some _
34、on the hill? A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deer C. sheep and deers D. sheep and deer19. How many _ shall we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound20. I have many friends here. Lily is _. A. mine friend B. a friend of my C. one of my D. one of them21. - Would you like
35、some _? - Thank you, but I am not hungry. A. breads B. cakes C. oranges D. orange juice22. Dont make any _, the boy is sleeping. A. voice B. noise C. music D. laugh23. She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her _. A. hometown B. second home C. family D. h
36、ouse24. Is this your _ for making so many mistakes? A. idea B. mind C. excuse D. result25. There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home? A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. vegetables26. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes, just a little please. A. pears B. appl
37、es C. bananas D. milk27. - Can you finish the work in a week? - No _. A. problem B. matter C. trouble D. question28. Is there a little _ left for me? A. room B. place C. ground D. house29. The sign “_!” is often seen on the box. A. NO PHOTOS B. NO SMOKING C. BUSINESS HOURS D. THIS SIDE UP30. Help yo
38、urselves to some _, children. A. fish B. fishes C. a piece of fish D. a fish31. - Here is the _, please. - Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs. A. bill B. list C. book D. menu32. _ is used to eat soup. A. Knife B. Fork C. Spoon D. Chopsticks33. - Whats the _ like today? - Its sunny.
39、A. climate B. weather C. sky D. space34. Two thirds are _ in our school. A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. woman doctor D. women doctors35. Its _ walk from my home to our school. A. two minutes B. two minutes C. two minutes D. two-minutes36. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news