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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上陈之童 英142班Emersons View of NatureNature is the first collection of essays written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, where he put forth the foundation of transcendentalism, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. There are three major concepts in Transcendentalists v
2、iew of nature: Firstly, the Transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. Oversoul was put forward in Emersons essay Nature, when he described the mysterious unity of nature. It exist in nature and man alike and constitute the chief elemen
3、t of the universe. Obviously, it represent a new way of looking at the world. Secondly, the Transcendentalists stress the importance of the individual. The Transcendentalists were telling people to depend upon themselves for spiritual perfection. It is a new way of looking at the man in nature. Thir
4、dly, the Transcendentalists offer a fresh perfection of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God. Emerson believes that nature is alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence and it is the garment of the Oversoul. Therefore, the physical world is a symbol of the spirituality, Nature is the divine revela
5、tion of God for people. Emerson suggests arevolutionary new and romantic view of nature apart from its cash-value to catch its spirituality. For Emerson, his view of nature has double meanings, that is, its common sense and its philosophical sense. “Nature, in the common sense, refers to essences un
6、changed by man; space, the air, the river, the leaf.” At first, Emerson emphasizes the beauty of nature, just as he wrote, “Not less excellent, except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon, was the charm, last evening, of a January sunset. The western clouds divided and subdivided themselves
7、into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness; and the air had so much life and sweetness, that it was a pain to come within doors.” In addition to just praising the external beauty of nature, he encourages people to find goodness and beauty from nature as natures inner beauty can af
8、fect peoples spiritual life. In the eyes of bourgeois colonists, nature, such as American primeval big forest, is confused with the development of resources, money and trade. Nature is just the objects and resources which have certain economic value. However, Emerson advocates capturing the spiritua
9、lity of nature from the perspective of beauty, rather than only emphasizing the practical value of nature. He wrote“Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape.”So within the essay, Emerson divides nature into four usages: Commodity, Beaut
10、y, Language and Discipline. These distinctions define the ways by which humans use nature for their basic needs, their desire for delight, their communication with one another and their understanding of the world. In each section, he takes a different perspective on the relationship between humans a
11、nd nature.From the philosophical point of view, the core issue of Emersons view of nature is the “wholeness” with nature or the “man and nature in one”. Emerson believes that human and nature are closely related. Of course, nature can provide people with material comforts; that is commodity, but it
12、is the lowest form of function of nature. Its higher meaning shows up in the spirit. Emerson defines a spiritual relationship. In nature, a person finds its spirit and accepts it as the Universal Being. He wrote, “ the ancient precept，Know theyself，and the modern precept，Study nature，become at last
13、one maxim.” Actually, nature reflects the existence of the spirit, conveying the knowledge about God. In Emersons opinion, the essence of God cant be documented in the doctrines. On the contrary, every man can commune with God directly if he wills. In his famous text, Emerson describes how peoples s
14、pirit sublimes and the experience of “man and nature in one” in nature. “ There I feel that nothing can befall me in life, no disgrace, no calamity, (leaving me my eyes,) which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all
15、mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.” Now this is a moment of “conversion” when one feels completely merged with the outside world, when the soul has gone beyond the ph
16、ysical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In his opinion, “Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life.” Man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operat
17、ive in the soul of man, and the man is divine. Also, in Emersons Nature, its not difficult to see that Emersons view of nature corresponds to oriental “man and nature in one”. Man and nature in one”focuses on the harmony between people and the nature, ignoring the subjective initiative.In conclusion
18、, nature has common and philosophical meaning in Emersons eyes. He loves nature, regarding it as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocates a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. Nature is the symbol of spirit. There is a perfect parallel between the laws of nature and the laws of thought. He believes that by living in harmony with nature, one can find the real happiness and tranquility of the spirit. 专心-专注-专业