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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一章 绪 论 【专业英语词汇】生理学physiology内环境internal environment神经调节nervous regulation体液调节humoral regulation旁分泌paracrine自身调节autoregulation正反馈positive feedback组织液interstitial fluid稳态homeostasis反射弧reflex arc激素hormone神经分泌neurosecretion, neurocrine负反馈negative feedback前馈feed-forward第二章 细胞的基本功能【专业英语词汇】单纯
2、扩散simple diffusion失活inactivation钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pump入胞endocytosis易化扩散facilitated diffusion主动转运active transport出胞exocytosis化学门控通道chemically gated channel跨膜信号转导transmembrane signal transduction电压门控通道voltage-gated channel促离子型受体ionotrpic receptor鸟苷酸结合蛋白, G-蛋白guanine uncleotide-binding protein, G-pr
3、otein环一磷酸腺苷cycle adenosine monophosphate, cAMP第二信使second messenger三磷酸肌醇inositol triphosphate, IP3G-蛋白耦联受体G-protein coupled receptor酪氨酸激酶受体tyrosine kinase receptor兴奋性excitability刺激stimulus阈值threshold动作电位action potential超极化hyperpolarization复极化repolarization锋电位spike potential膜片钳patch clamp相对不应期relative
4、 refractory period局部兴奋local excitation时间性总和temporal summation跳跃式传导saltatory conduction终板电位end-plate potential胆碱酯酶cholinesterase滑行理论sliding theory等长收缩isometric contraction完全强直收缩complete tetanus后负荷afterload长度-张力曲线length-tension curve磷脂酶Cphospholipase C二酰甘油diacylglycerol, DG促代谢型受体metabotropic receptor一
5、氧化氮nitric oxide, NO兴奋excitation阈强度 threshold intensity静息电位resting potential极化polarization去极化(除极化)depolarization超射overshoot (potential)“全或无”现象“all or none” phenomenon绝对不应期 absolute refractory period阈电位 threshold (membrane) potential电紧张性扩布electrotonic propagation空间性总和 spatial summation量子式释放 quantal re
6、lease乙酰胆碱acetylcholine, ACh兴奋-收缩耦联excitation-contraction coupling等张收缩isotonic contraction单收缩 single twitch前负荷 preload初长度 initial length(肌肉)收缩能力contractility (of muscle)张力-速度(关系)曲线 force velocity (relation) curve钙调蛋白 calmodulin, CaM 第三章 血 液【专业英语词汇】血浆plasma粘滞性viscosity胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure造血微环
7、境hemopoietic microenvironment血细胞比容hematocrit晶体渗透压crystal osmotic pressure渗透脆性osmotic fragility悬浮稳定性suspension stability红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR集落刺激因子colony stimulating factor, CSF内因子intrinsic factor促红细胞生成素erythropoietin, EPO血小板粘附thrombocyte adhesion血栓烷A2(血栓素A2) thromboxane A2, TXA2血
8、液凝固blood coagulation凝血因子blood clotting factor外源性凝血extrinsic coagulation纤维蛋白溶解系统fibrinolytic system爆式促进因子burst promoting actvator, BPA肝素heparin生理性止血physiological hemostasis血小板聚集thrombocyte aggregation前列环素prostacyclin, PGI2血清serum内源性凝血intrinsic coagulation凝血酶thrombin纤溶酶原 plasminogen组织因子途径抑制物 tissue fa
9、ctor pathway inhibitor, TFPI纤溶酶(血浆素) plasmin(红细胞)凝集 agglutination凝集素 agglutinin交叉配血试验 cross-match test血型blood group凝集原agglutinogen人白细胞抗原human leukocyte antigen, HLA成分输血transfusion of blood components 第四章 血液循环【专业英语词汇】心动周期cardiac cycle心室舒张期 ventricular diastole快速射血期 rapid ejection period心音cardiac soun
10、d每搏输出量(搏出量)stroke volume output心输出量cardiac output心房收缩期atrial systole等容收缩期isovolumic systole减慢充盈期reduced filling period心音图phonocardiogram射血分数ejection fraction心指数cardiac index心脏作功(量)myocardial work心力储备cardiac reserve传导性conductivity有效不应期effective refractory period代偿间歇compensatory pause起搏点pacemaker异位心律e
11、ctopic rhythm超速驱动压抑overdrive suppression心电图electrocardiogram, ECG阻力血管resistant vessel容量血管capacitance vessel血流量blood flow血流速度velocity of blood flow顺应性compliance收缩压systolic pressure脉搏压(脉压)pulse pressure中心静脉压central venous pressure微循环microcirculation直捷通路thoroughfare channel迂回通路circuitous channel重吸收reab
12、sorption缩血管神经纤维vasoconstrictor fiber心血管中枢cardiovascular center压力感受器baroreceptor心肺感受器cardiopulmonary receptor化学感受器chemoreceptor脑内渗透压感受器brain osmoreceptor心室功能曲线ventricular function curve自动节律性(自律性)autorhythmicity平台(期)plateau期前收缩premature systole起搏离子流 pacemaker current窦性心律(normal) sinus rhythm抢先占领captur
13、e, preoccupation房-室延搁atrioventricular delay弹性储器血管windkessel vessel毛细血管前阻力血管precapillary resistant vessel短路血管shunt vessel血压blood pressure外周阻力peripheral resistance舒张压 diastolic pressure动脉脉搏arterial pulse静脉回心血量venous return毛细血管前括约肌precapillary sphincter动-静脉短路arteriovenous shunt滤过filtration有效滤过压effctive
14、 filtration pressure, EFP舒血管神经纤维 vasodilator fiber压力感受性反射 baroreceptor reflex缓冲神经buffer nerve容量感受器 volume receptor防御反应defence reaction肾素-血管紧张素系统renin-angiotensin system循环系统平均充盈压mean circulatory filling pressure血管紧张素转换酶angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE肾上腺素epinephrine, E, or adrenalone, A去甲肾上腺素norepi
15、nephrine, NE, or noradrenalone, NA血管升压素(抗利尿激素)vasopressin, VP (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)血管活性肠肽vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP内皮舒张因子endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF内皮缩血管因子 endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor, EDRF激肽释放酶-激肽系统kallikrein-kinin system血管舒张素kalidin前列腺素prostaglandin,
16、PG冠脉循环coronary circulation血-脑屏障blood-brain barrier, BBB缓激肽bradykinin心房钠尿肽atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP组胺histamine腺苷adenosine血-脑脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier 第五章 呼 吸 【专业英语名词】呼吸respiration吸气inspiration腹式呼吸abdominal breathing平静呼吸eupn(o)ea,or quiet breathing呼吸困难dysp(o)nea气胸pneumothorax比顺应性spec
17、ific compliance气道阻力airway resistance肺通气pulmonary ventilation呼气expiration胸式呼吸thoracic breathing用力呼吸forced breathing肺内压intrapulmonary pressure胸膜腔内压intrapleural pressure肺表面活性物质pulmonary surfactant潮气量tidal volume, TV补吸气量(吸气储备量)inspiratory reserve volume, IRV补呼气量(呼气储备量)exspiratory reserve volume, ERV功能残气
18、量(功能余气量)functional residual capacity, FRC残气量(余气量)residual volume, RV肺活量vital capacity, VC时间肺活量timed vital capacity肺总量total lung capacity, TLC解剖无效腔anatomical dead space肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation气体扩散速率diffusion rate of gas氧合oxygenation氧含量oxygen content氧解离曲线oxygen dissociation curve肺牵张反射pulmonary stretc
19、h reflex深吸气量inspiratory capacity, IC用力肺活量forced vital capacity, FVC用力呼气量forced expiratory volume, FEV每分通气量minute ventilation volume肺泡无效腔alveolar dead space气体交换gas exchange通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio氧容量oxygen capacity氧饱和度oxygen saturation呼吸调整中枢pneumotaxic center吸气切断机制inspiratory off-switch mec
20、hanism 第六章 消化和吸收【专业英语名词】消化digestion基本电节律basic electrical rhythm, BER粘膜下神经丛submucosal plexus胃肠激素gastrointestinal hormone胆囊收缩素cholecystokinin, CCK抑胃肽gastric inhibitory polypeptide唾液saliva胃液gastric juice吸收absorption慢波slow wave肌间神经丛myenteric plexus胃泌素gastrin胰泌素secretin营养作用trophic action蠕动peristalsis盐酸hy
21、drochloric acid胃蛋白酶原pepsinogen粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障mucus-bicarbonate barrier假饲sham-feeding胃泌素释放肽gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP肠-胃反射entero-gastric reflex胃排空gastric emptying胰液pancreatic juice胰脂肪酶lipase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胆汁bile, or gall胃蛋白酶pepsin生长抑素somatostatin蛙皮素bombesin肠抑胃素enterogastrone容受性舒张receptive r
22、elaxation迷走-迷走反射vago-vagal reflex胰淀粉酶pancreatic amylase胰蛋白酶原trypsinogen糜蛋白酶原chymotrypsinogen肠致活酶enterokinase胆盐bile salt胆盐的肠肝循环enterohepatic circulation of bile salt排便defection分节运动segmentation contraction 第七章 能量代谢和体温【专业英语词汇】能量代谢energy metabolism食物的热价thermal equivalent of food氧债oxygen debt呼吸商respirato
23、ry quotient, RQ氧热价(氧卡价)thermal equivalent of oxygen (caloric value of oxygen)食物特殊动力效应specific dynamic effect of food体温body temperature生物节律biorhythm战栗产热shivering thermogenesis寒冷性肌紧张thermal muscle tone辐射散热thermal radiation对流散热thermal convection不感蒸发(不显汗)insensible perspiration体温调节regulation of body tem
24、perature热敏神经元 warm-sensitive neuron基础代谢率basal metabolism rate, BMR昼夜节律circadian rhythm生物钟biologic clock产热heat production, or thermogenesis散热thermolysis, or body heat loss传导散热thermal conduction蒸发(散热)evaporation发汗perspiration, or sweating调定点set point冷敏神经元cold-sensitive neuron致热源 pyrogen视前区-下丘脑前部preopt
25、ic-anterior hypothylamus area, POAH第八章 尿的生成和排出【专业英语词汇】尿生成urine formation球旁器(近球小体)juxtaglomerular apparatus肾血流量renal blood flow肾小球滤过率glomerular filtration rate, GFR滤过平衡filtration equibibrium分泌secretion尿的浓缩urine concentration渗透性利尿osmotic diuresis定比重吸收constant fraction reabsorption内移(内化)internalization
26、醛固酮aldosterone菊粉(菊糖)inulin尿排出urine excretion致密斑macula densa管-球反馈tubuloglomerular feedback滤过分数filtration fraction肾血浆流量renal plasma flow肾糖阈renal glucose threshold尿的稀释urine dilution球-管平衡glomerulotubular balance回漏back leak水利尿water diuresis清除率clearance排尿micturition 第九章 感觉器官的功能【专业英语词汇】感觉器官sense organ适宜刺激a
27、dequate stimulus发生器电位generator potential编码(作用)encoding视觉vision视敏度(视力)visual acuity近点near point眼球会聚convergence of the eyeball视杆细胞rod晚光觉系统nightlight perceptive system视锥系统cone system视紫红质rhodopsin视黄醛retinene暗适应dark adaptation视野visual field气传导air conduction螺旋器(柯蒂器)Cortis organ感受器receptor换能作用transducer fu
28、nction感受器电位receptor potential适应adaptation简化眼reduced eye(眼的)调节accommodation (of the eye)瞳孔近反射pupillary near reflex瞳孔对光反射pupillary light reflex视杆系统rod system视锥细胞cone昼光觉系统daylight perceptive system视蛋白opsin传递蛋白transducin明适应light adaptation听觉audition骨传导bone conduction行波理论travelling wave theory(耳蜗)微音器电位(c
29、ochlear) microphonic potential前庭自主神经性反应vestibular autonervous reaction平衡感觉quilibrium sensation嗅觉olfactory sensation, or smell皮肤感觉cutaneous sensation温度觉temperature sensation眼震颤nystagmus味觉gustatory sensation, or taste触-压觉touch and pressure sensation痛觉pain 第十章 神经系统的功能【专业英语词汇】专心-专注-专业神经冲动nerve impulse神经
30、营养性因子neurotrophin, NT顺向轴浆运输anterograde anxoplasmic transport逆向轴浆运输retrograde axoplasmic transport兴奋性突触后电位excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP突触后抑制postsynaptic inhibition突触前易化presynaptic facilitation回返性抑制recurrent inhibition强直后增强posttetanic potentiati
31、on敏感化sensitization长时程抑制long-term depression, LTD突触前抑制 presynaptic inhibition传入侧支性抑制 afferent collateral inhibition可塑性 plasticity习惯化 habituation长时程增强 long-term potentiation, LTP突触延搁 synaptic delay非突触性化学传递non-synaptic chemical transmission电突触传递electrical synaptic transmission局部神经元回路local neuronal circ
32、uit, LNC交互性突触reciprocal synapse神经调质neuromodulator递质共存coexistence of transmitters同源脱敏homologous desensitization胆碱能纤维cholinergic fiber毒蕈碱样作用muscarine-like action烟碱样作用nicotine-like action肌肉型烟碱受体muscle-type nicotinic receptor儿茶酚胺catecholamine肾上腺素能纤维adrenergic fiber局部回路神经元 local circuit neuron, LCN串联性突触
33、serial synapse神经递质 neurotransmitter调制作用 modulation突触前受体 presynaptic receptor异源脱敏 heterologous desensitization胆碱能受体 cholinergic receptor毒蕈碱受体 muscarinic receptor烟碱受体 nicotinic receptor神经元型烟碱受体 neuronal-type nicotinic receptor多巴胺 dopamine, DA肾上腺素能受体 adrenergic receptor5-羟色胺5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT or
34、 serotonin谷氨酸glutamic acid, or glutamate非条件反射unconditioned reflex辐散状联系divergence connection后放(后发放)after discharge多突触反射polysynaptic reflex非特异投射系统non-specificprojection systemg-氨基丁酸g-aminobutyric acid, GABA条件反射conditioned reflex聚合状联系convergence connection单突触反射monosynaptic reflex特异投射系统specific projecti
35、on system感觉柱sensory column网状结构上行激动系统ascending reticular activating system本体感觉peoprioception皮层诱发电evoked cortical potential牵涉痛referred pain脑电图electroencephalogram, EEG自发脑电活动spontaneous electric activity of the braina波阻断alpha blocking脑电觉醒electroencephalogram arousal快波睡眠fast wave sleep, FWS快速眼球运动rapid e
36、ye movements, REM最后公路final common path腱反射 tendon reflex肌梭muscle spindle随意运动voluntary movement锥体系 pyramidal system脊休克 spinal shock屈肌反射flexor reflex去大脑僵直 decerebrate rigidity翻正反射righting reflex静止性震颤 static tremor意向性震颤 intention tremor交感神经sympathetic nerve行为觉醒behavioral arousal慢波睡眠slow wave sleep, SWS异
37、相睡眠paradoxical sleep, PS上行抑制系统ascending inhibitory system牵张反射stretch reflex肌紧张 muscle tonus梭内肌纤维 intrafusal fiber运动柱 motor column锥体外系extrapyramidal system姿势反射postural reflex对侧伸肌反射crossed extensor reflex状态反射attitudinal reflex震颤麻痹paralysis agitans舞蹈病 chorea小脑性共济失调 cerebellar ataxia副交感神经 parasympatheti
38、c nerve下丘脑调节肽hypothalamus regulatory peptide, HRP边缘系统limbic system情绪反应emotional reaction饱中枢 satiety center假怒sham rage奖赏系统reward system惩罚系统punishment system动机motivation操作式条件反射 operate conditioned reflex长时性记忆 long term memory失写症 agraphia失读症 alexia失用症 apraxia本能行为instinctual behavior摄食中枢feeding center格斗
39、-逃避反应fight-flight reaction防御反应区 defense zone趋向系统approach system回避系统avoidance system强化reinforcement短时性记忆 short term memory运动失语症 motor aphasia感觉失语症 sensory aphasia一侧优势laterality cerebral dominance裂脑split brain 第十一章 内分泌【专业英语词汇】内分泌endocrine自分泌autocrine允许作用permissive action增量调节(上调)up regulation远距分泌telecr
40、ine神经激素neurohormone亲和力affinity减量调节(下调)down regulation促甲状腺激素释放激素 thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH促性腺激素释放激素 gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH生长素释放抑制激素(生长抑素)growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone, GHRIH, or somatostatin生长素释放激素 growth hormone releasing hormone, GHRH促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin re
41、leasing hormone, CRH催乳素释放抑制因子 prolactin releasing-inhibiting factor, PIF促黑(素细胞)激素释放抑制因子melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing-inhibiting factor, MIF促黑(素细胞)激素释放因子melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF促甲状腺激素 thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH促卵泡激素 follicle stimulating hormone, FSH促黑(素细胞)激素 melanophore stimulating hormone, MSH催乳素释放因子 prolactin releasing factor, PRF促肾上腺皮质激素 adrenocorticotropin, ACTH胰岛素样生长因子 insulin-like growth factor, IGF黄体生成素luteinizing hormone, LH催乳素prolactin, PRL生长素介质somatomedin, SM甲状腺素(四碘甲腺原氨酸)thyroxin, or 3,5,3,5-tetr