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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一 关于原作者爱默生：Ralph Waldo Emerson（1803-1882）：1. essayist, lecturer, poet, and representative of Romanticism in 19th Century America;2. leader of Transcendentalism in America: He was convinced that everything in nature had its exact counterpart in the mind. From this basic conviction flowed
2、 all his ideas:1) Nature is a vast array of symbols, which could lead their individual interpreter toward the eternal truth of God and the cosmos;2) Since such ultimate truth transcends nature or lies behind it. The intuitive means of discovering it is transcendental;3) The method of interpretation
3、calls for an intuitive leap without rational analysis from the thing observed in nature to the spiritual (moral) truth it symbolized.二关于原作论美国学者：“The American Scholar”：1. first delivered at Harvard on August 31, 1837;2. Emerson charged that the scholars job was to lead his people out of their bondage
4、 to old cultures and away from the “popular cry” of received wisdom and everyday modes of thought;3. Emerson exhorted his audience of native intellectuals to rouse and lead American society into mental independence and self-reliance;4. The address proved to be immensely popular, and Oliver Wendell H
5、olmes called “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”.三 译文分析：Para 1:None is quite perfect. 译文一：凡事皆无绝对之完美。译文二：万事皆无极致。As no air-pump can by any means make a perfect vacuum, so neither can any artist entirely exclude the conventional, the local, the perishable from his book, or write a book of pu
6、re thought, that should be as efficient, in all respects, to a remote posterity, as to contemporaries, or rather to the second age. 译文一：正如气泵无论如何也抽不出绝对真空一样，任何大师都不可能从其书中完全排除习俗、地域和应时应景的影响，或者说都不可能写出纯思想之书那种在方方面面都能像对其同代人或下代人一样对遥远的后代也有直接作用的书。译文二：正如没有气泵能够抽出绝对之真空，任何大师都无法免受习俗之束缚，不受时空之桎梏，创作出体现纯粹思想之书。此书要能在方方面面都
7、对同代、下代，乃至后代的后代产生相同的影响。译注：常见词的不同含义，artist：a person whose work shows exceptional creative ability or skill，高手，能手。Eg. You are an artist in the kitchen. 你是一位烹饪大师。注意“the+常见形容词”的译法，常译为相应的名词。perishable定义为subject to decay, spoilage, or destruction。而成、住、坏、灭乃一时间进程，故perishable在此指时间概念。而local指空间，故exclude the loc
8、al, the perishable from his book合译为“不受时空之桎梏”。Each age, it is found, must write its own books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. 译文一：人们发现，每个时代必须写每个时代的书，更确切地说，每代人都必须为下一代人而写。译文二：但据发现，一个时代书写一个时代的书，一代人最多为下一代写书。译注：注意根据上下文逻辑灵活翻译“rather”，表示转折，表示递进。The books of an older period will not fit
9、this. 译文一：远古时代的书籍对当今时代也许并不合用。译文二：因此，历年经久之书在当代并不受用。译注：注意根据上下文逻辑进行合理的增译，使译文逻辑更为明确。Para 2:Yet hence arises a grave mischief. 译文一：不过一种苛弊也由此而生。译文二：一种顽疾由此而生。译注：注意常用词的不常用含义mischief：1) An inclination or a tendency to play pranks or cause embarrassment, 淘气, 顽皮; 2) Damage, destruction, or injury caused by a s
10、pecific person or thing, 弊端。The sacredness which attaches to the act of creation, the act of thought, is transferred to the record. 译文一：附于创作行为或思想行为的高贵神圣往往会被转换成历史纪录。译文二：曾几何时，人们将创造、思辨之过程视为高贵神圣，如今却将创造、思辨之产物奉若神明。译注：注意增译法“曾几何时”，根据来自于“transfer”，表示曾经的情况的转换；record字面意思为文字记录，此处进一步理解为人们创造、思辨的产物；对同一个英文单词sacredn
11、ess，分译为两处汉语时，尽量避免重复，分别译为“高贵神圣”和“奉若神明”。The poet chanting was felt to be a divine man: henceforth the chant is divine also. 译文一：吟唱诗人曾被视为圣人，此后其吟唱之歌亦被视为圣歌。译文二：游吟诗人被视为圣人，其诗歌即被视为圣歌。The writer was a just and wise spirit: henceforth it is settled the book is perfect; as love of the hero corrupts into the wo
12、rship of his statue. 译文一：作者曾富有正义而智慧之精神，此后其书则被确认为完美之书，恰如对英雄的热爱蜕变成对其雕像的崇拜。译文二：作者是正义与智慧的化身，其著作即被定为极致之作；诚如对英雄精神的热爱已经堕落为对其色身雕像的膜拜。译注：注意透彻地理解常见简单英文单词，spirit词源解释为the breath of God，意为“上帝的气息”或“灵气”，与soul，ghost等词大同小异。因此，此处理解为“作者是正义与智慧的精灵”，进一步转译为“作者是正义与智慧的化身”；译文二采用了意译之法，灵活程度更高，hero译为“英雄精神”，statue译为“色身雕像”。Instan
13、tly, the book becomes noxious: the guide is a tyrant. 译文一：结果书籍随即变成有害之物，思想导师随之沦为暴君。译文二：随之，书籍沦为流毒，思想导师变身暴政独夫。译注：noxious词性转换；tyrant灵活翻译，使说理性散文（essay）更有文采。The sluggish and perverted mind of the multitude, slow to open to the incursions of Reason, having once so opened, having once received this book, st
14、ands upon it, and makes an outcry, if it is disparaged. 译文一：大众迟钝而扭曲的头脑，那些不易为智慧之光开启的头脑，一旦这样被开启，一旦接受这种书籍，便会对其产生依赖，而倘若这种书籍遭人菲薄，他们就会大声抗议。译文二：冥冥大众迟钝歪曲的头脑，要想开启，达致理性已属不易。其一旦被流毒的书籍开启，一旦接受这样的书籍，便只能在其划定的界限内亦步亦趋。旁人稍加非议，还招来他们厉声抗议。译注：注意简单短语的翻译，open to表示对什么开放，转换理解为以开放的态度来接受什么；注意简单动词和动词短语的翻译，stand upon sth意为拘泥于某事，
15、不敢越雷池半步。此处译为“亦步亦趋”。（类似动词还包括：sell, buy, beat, look, see, watch, say, tell, speak, ask, answer, think, read, write, listen, hear, walk, run, sleep, drink, eat, play, agree, turn, return, like, love, jump, carry, catch, keep, take, bring, grow, change, begin, start, end, finish, blow, call, check, clos
16、e, open, cover, count, cut, cost, get give, help, make, kill, show, need, wait, clean, arrive, leave, work, drive, dig, fill, pick, throw, stand, sit, travel, move, feel, draw, break, hope, dream, prefer, learn, do, have, visit, come, go, meet, set）；注意被动句转换为主动句。Colleges are built on it. 译文一：我们的大学就建立
17、在这样的基础上。译文二：我们的大学就建立在这样的基础上。Books are written on it by thinkers, not by Man Thinking; by men of talent, that is, who start wrong, who set out from accepted dogmas, not from their own sight of principles. 译文一：书也是在此基础上由思考者写成，不是由善思者，而是由能干的思考者，即那些从错误的基础出发、以公认的教条为据，而不着眼于自己对原理法则之领悟的人。译文二：我们的书籍就是在这样的基础上写成。
18、这些书的作者被称为思想家，却并非独立思考之人。他们天资凛然，却误入歧途、难脱俗套，创作并非出自他们独立之洞见。译注：Books同样注意增译法；注意thinkers和Man Thinking的区别和格子翻译方法；“他们”指的是thinkers，也对应翻译who引导的定语从句；Meek young men grow up in libraries, believing it their duty to accept the views which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon, have given; forgetful that Cicero, Locke,
19、and Bacon were only young men in libraries when they wrote these books. 译文一：谦恭的后生在图书馆里成长，以为他们的义务就是去接受西塞罗、洛克和培根表达的观点，而忘了西塞罗、洛克和培根当年写这些书时，也只是图书馆里的后生。译文二：画地为牢的后生在图书馆里成长，误以为自己的任务就是接受西塞罗、洛克及培根的教条。却忘了当西塞罗、洛克及培根著书立作之时也是图书馆里稚嫩的后生。Para 3:Hence, instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm. 译文一：于是我们培养的不是善思者，
20、而是书呆子。译文二：因此，我们培养了书呆子，而非独立思考之人。Hence, the book-learned class, who value books, as such; not as related to nature and the human constitution, but as making a sort of Third Estate with the world and the soul. 译文一：于是便有了那种只顾惜书的书本知识阶级，他们不愿涉及自然和人性，而想要形成某种与人世和心灵相对的第三阶层。译文二：因此，便有了惟书是从的一群人。书，在他们眼中，既非天造地设的产物，
21、也非人心营构的结果。他们珍视书，是因为在他们看来，书籍洞开着天人之外的第三阶层。译注：book-learned class意为光从书本上学习的一群人，译为“惟书是从的一群人”；nature主要指自然客体，如山川、河流。而human constitution意为人类文明建制，主要指人心互动的精神产物，如音乐、美术。章学诚文史通义视世间万象无非来自天造地设或心营意构两端，即“自然营构”与“人心营构”，正好与nature和human constitution意合；world乃客体，即“天”；soul乃主体，即“人”。Hence, the restorers of readings, the emen
22、dators, the bibliomaniacs of all degrees. 译文一：于是便有了拥有各级学位的补遗者、校勘家和藏书狂。译文二：于是便有了书籍补遗者、校勘家以及痴迷程度各不相同的藏书狂。Para 4:Books are the best of things, well used; abused, among the worst. 译文一：被善用之书乃精华之物，被滥用之书则秕糠不如。译文二：书，善用，则万物之灵；滥用，则万恶之魁。译注：注意原文尾韵的翻译方法。What is the right use? What is the one end which all means
23、go to effect? 译文一：那么何谓善用呢？什么是那个千方百计要达到的唯一目标呢？ 译文二：然则何谓善用？何谓千方百计所要实现的读书目标？They are for nothing but to inspire. 译文一：书的作用无非是给人以启迪。译文二：那无非是给人以启迪。I had better never see a book that to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit, and make a satellite instead of a system. 译文一：与其让书的引力使我偏离自己的轨道，从而成
24、为一颗卫星而不是一个星系，那我宁愿从不读书。译文二：与其被书的引力牵引偏离自己的轨道，由星系沦为卫星，我宁可绝不读书。The one thing in the world, of value, is the active soul. 译文一：世间唯一可贵之物乃活跃之心灵。译文二：世上唯一弥足珍贵的是活跃的心智。This every man is entitled to; this every man contains within him, although in almost all men obstructed and as yet unborn. 译文一：这心灵人人都可拥有，因为它就在每
25、个人胸中，不过对大多数人来说，它受到阻梗，尚未开启。译文二：此物，人人都能拥有。因为人人都生而有之，只是大多数人的心智遭受阻梗，尚未开启。译注：注意对英语中非正常语序表示强调的译法，如句首“This”；The soul active sees absolute truth; and utters truth, or creates. 译文一：活跃之心灵能看见绝对真理，并能阐述或创建原理法则。译文二：活跃的心智能够洞察天理，阐发真理，抑或创造真理。In this action it is genius; not the privilege of here and there a favorite
26、, but the sound estate of every man. 译文一：在这种活动中，心灵即天资；天资并非某些幸运儿的特权，而是人皆有之的合法资产。译文二：就此而言，心智即天资。它并不特别眷顾任何宠儿，而是人皆有之的合法财产。In its essence it is progressive. 译文一：究其本质，心灵具有革新性。译文二：心智的本质在于革新渐进。译注：progressive意为进化式发展，后来者必定超过前者，可译为“循序渐进”或“革新渐进”等。The book, the college, the school of art, the institution of any
27、kind, stop with some past utterance of genius. 译文一：而我们的书本、大学、艺术社团和各种机构却往往因过去某位天才的一句话而裹足不前。译文二：而我们书本、大学、艺术团体、各类机构却都因先贤的教条而裹足不前。This is good, say theylet us hold by this. 译文一：他们会说此言极是，我们且遵而循之。译文二：他们会说，此言极是，我们且遵而循之。They pin me down. 译文一：他们就这样把我束缚。译文二：我就这样被他们束缚。They look backward not forward.译文一：这些人总是顾后
28、，而不是瞻前。译文二：他们总是顾后，而非瞻前。But genius looks forward: the eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hindhead: man hopes; genius creates. 译文一：可天才总是瞩目前方，因为人的眼睛不是长在脑后，而是长在额前。所以人会希冀，天才会创造。译文二：天才却懂得放眼未来，因为人眼生于前额，而非长在脑后。凡人懂得憧憬，天才却会创造。Whatever talent may be, if the man create not, the pure efflux of Deity
29、 is not his; cinders and smoke there may be, but no yet flame. 译文一：若一个人不创造，那无论其天资有多高，也不可能沐浴纯洁的圣光。他心中也许有冒烟的炭屑，但毕竟尚未形成火焰。译文二：即便天资卓绝，若不创造，此人也难通神明之德。心中或有炭屑、生青烟，却尚未形成火焰。译注：the pure efflux of Deity意为神性的光辉或神性的流溢进入人体，从而达到神灵附体之迷狂状态(the ecstasy arising from being possessed by God )。直接套用易经，即“通神明之德”。There are c
30、reative manners, there are creative actions, and creative words; manners, actions, words, that is indicative of no custom or authority, but springing spontaneous from the minds own sense of good and fair. 译文一：世间不乏具有创造性的方法、行为和言辞。所谓具有创造性，即这些方法、行为和言辞表明它们并非以习俗惯例或权威经典为据，而是从心灵之良知自发而出。译文二：世间不乏创新之方法、创新之行为、创
31、新之言辞。所谓创新，在于其不为传统所拘，不为权贵所惧，而是心灵良知的自然流溢。Para 5:On the other part, instead of being its own seer, let it receive from another mind its truth, though it were in torrents of light, without periods of solitude, inquest, and self-recovery, and fatal disservice is done. 译文一：另一方面，若心灵不成为自己的先知，而且从另一心灵接受真理时又不静
32、思自省，融会贯通，那么即便那真理之光光芒四射，其结果也是有害无益。译文二：再者，人，若自我之主意识不强，而在接受他人思想时又不加独立思辨、审慎分析、客观判断，即便他人思想之真理光芒如炬，其结果也会荼毒不浅。译注：being its own seer意为能看清自己，即有清晰的主意识self-awareness；self-recovery表面意思为恢复自我。Schleiermacher阐释过程有论，阅读理解要达到好的效果，首先应做到与作者合二为一，站在作者角度进行思考，“设身处地”。之后还得恢复自我，“反诸求己”，跳出作者划定的体系进行反思，即self-recovery。转译为“客观判断”。Gen
33、ius is always sufficiently the enemy of genius by over-influence. 译文一：大凡天才之名过盛则足以成天才之大敌。译文二：大凡天才之名过盛便足以成天才之敌。The literature of every nation bears me witness. 译文一：各国文学均能证明我此说不谬。译文二：各国文学足以证明我此言不假。The English dramatic poets have Shakespearized now for two hundred years. 译文一：200年来，英国的戏剧诗人一直都在效仿莎士比亚。译文二：
34、两百年来，英国戏剧诗人都只是在莎士比亚的盛名之下呀呀学舌。Para 6:Undoubtedly there is a right way of reading, so it be sternly subordinated. 译文一：世上无疑有一种正确的读书方法，即让书严格地服从读者。译文二：毫无疑问，世上存在正确的读书法，即让书籍严格听命于读者。Man Thinking must not be subdued by his instruments. 译文一：善思者切不可盲从于所读之书。译文二：任何独立思考之人都绝不应沦为书本工具的奴隶。Books are for the scholars id
35、le times. 译文一：书籍本为学者闲时所用。译文二：书籍本为学者闲时所用。When he can read God directly, the hour is too precious to be wasted in other mens transcripts of their readings. 译文一：能直接领悟上帝之书，就不该耗费宝贵的时间去读他人的读书笔记。译文二：若能直接解读上帝，断无必要耗费宝贵时光去解读他人对上帝的解读手稿。But when the intervals of darkness come, as come they mustwhen the sun is h
36、id, and the stars withdraw their shiningwe repair to the lamps which were kindled by their ray, to guide our steps to the East again, where the dawn is. 译文一：但人孰能无惑，当偶尔困惑袭来时当太阳被遮蔽，群星也敛其光芒时我们便可到那些由阳光星光点亮的书灯之下，凭借其指引再次走向黎明所在的东方。译文二：但日有昼夜之别，间或黑夜来袭当太阳受阻，群星隐耀我们便借着日光、星光点亮的油灯摸索走向黎明所在的东方。译注：as come they must表
37、面意思是黑夜与白昼交替进行，一定会来临。翻译提前至句首，意译为“日有昼夜之别”；We hear, that we may speak. The Arabian proverb says, “A fig tree, looking on a fig tree, becometh fruitful.” 译文一：有则阿拉伯谚语说：“一株无花果树注视另一株无花果树，结果自己便硕果累累”。译文二：有句阿拉伯谚语，我们听说并挂在嘴边：一株无花果树注视着另一株无花果树，自己便已硕果累累。Para 7:It is remarkable, the character of the pleasure we der
38、ive from the best books. 译文一：我们从好书中获得的那种喜悦可谓非凡。译文二：我们从佳作中获得的那种喜悦可谓非凡。They impress us with the conviction, that one nature wrote and the same reads. 译文一：好书会使我们铭记这种信念：作者读者天性相通。译文二：它们足以使我们相信，作者、读者天性相通。We read the verses of one of the great English poets, of Chaucer, of Marvell, of Dryden, with the most
39、 modern joywith a pleasure, I mean, which is in great part caused by the abstraction of all time from their verses. 译文一：读英国大诗人乔叟、马维尔或德莱顿的诗篇时，我们会感到一种颇具现代气息的喜悦我是说一种在很大程度上因他们的诗篇把时间抽象化而产生的喜悦。译文二：我们阅读英国大诗人乔叟、马维尔、德莱顿的诗篇时能得到最具现代气息的愉悦。之所以有这种喜悦，是因为他们的诗篇超脱了时间的局限。译注：abstraction of all time from their verses意为他
40、们的诗篇里已经抽去了时间，即他们的诗篇显得timeless, universal。故译为“他们的诗篇超脱了时间的局限”。There is some awe mixed with the joy of our surprise, when this poet, who lived in some past world, two or three hundred years ago, says that which lies close to my own soul, that which I also had well-nigh thought and said. 译文一：我们的惊喜交加中会羼杂
41、几分敬畏，因那位生活在过去世界的诗人，那位生活在200年前或300年前的诗人，竞然说出如此贴近我心灵的话，说出我几乎也能想到并说出的话。译文二：惊喜之余伴随着敬畏，因为生活在两三百年以前过去世界的诗人竟如此贴近我的心灵，言我所思，言我所言。But for the evidence thence afforded to the philosophical doctrine of the identity of all minds, we should suppose some preestablished harmony, some foresight of souls that were to
42、 be, and some preparation of stores for their future wants, who lay up food before death for the young grub they shall never see. 译文一：但若要为这种心灵相通提供哲学上的证据，我们就应该假设存在着某种前定和谐，存在着某种对未来心灵的预见，存在着某种供这些心灵将来之需的储备。这就像我们观察昆虫时注意到的那个细节：成虫在死之前会为它们永远也见不到的幼虫贮存好食物。译文二：但若要证明人心相通之哲学，还得假设存在某种先验和谐。它能预见后世众生，并为其心灵所需提供储备。正如芸
43、芸众生会在死前为永远无法谋面的后世子孙储藏食物。译注：identity意为一致、同一。此处译为“人心相通”；preestablished harmony意为先于人类感官（sense-perception）经验及认知（cognition）经验而存在的和谐状态。故译为“先验和谐”。Para 8:I would not be hurried by any love of system, by any exaggeration of instincts, to underrate the Book. 译文一：我不能因对秩序的热爱和对直觉的夸饰就遽然低估书的作用。译文二：我绝不会因趋从社会建制或夸饰个人
44、才思而低估书本的力量。译注：system和instincts是一组相对概念，与前文human constitution和nature异曲同工。system指基于相互关系而建立的人类文明建制。而instincts意为spontaneous response to something，指个人原始本真状态。故此句译为“我绝不会因趋从社会建制或夸饰个人才思而低估书本的力量”。We all know, that, as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass and the broth of sho
45、es, so the human mind can be fed by any knowledge. 译文一：众所周知，人体可从任何食物中摄取营养，哪怕是从煮熟的野草或皮鞋炖的汤，而人的心灵也同样可以从任何知识中汲取营养。译文二：众所周知，人体可被任何食物滋养，即便是煮沸的野草或皮鞋炖制的羹汤。心智同样能够从任何知识中汲取营养。And great and heroic men have existed who had almost no other information than by the printed page. 译文一：世上一直都有除书本知识外几乎一无所知的伟才英杰。译文二：即便伟
46、才英杰，若无书本也必将一无所知。I only would say that it needs a strong head to bear that diet. 译文一：不过我想说，要忍受这种食物，你得有个健全的头脑。译文二：不过我仍想说，若无健全的大脑，书籍的大餐人们也将无福消受。One must be an inventor to read well. 译文一：善读书者一定是创新者。译文二：善读者必定是创造者。As the proverb says, “He that would bring home the wealth of the Indies, must carry out the
47、wealth of the Indies.” 译文一：就像有则谚语所说：“要想把印度的财富搬回家，首先得让那财富为你所有”。译文二：正如一句谚语所言：要想带回印度的财富，必先使其为你所有。There is then creative reading as well as creative writing. 译文一：因此，除了创造性的写作外，还得有创造性的阅读。译文二：因此，创造性阅读以外还有创造性写作。When the mind is braced by labor and invention, the page of whatever book we read becomes luminous with manifold allusion. 译文一：当心灵被努力和创造力振奋时，我们读的任何一本书都会页页生辉，都会给予我们各种启示。译文二：一旦心智勤勉，富于创见，则任何书籍都将页页生辉，启迪无限。Every sentence is doubly significant, and the sense of our author is as broad as the world. 译文一：这时每个句子都会