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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上课堂笔记（一）1) A.D. 应该写在年数之前, B.C. 应该写在年数之后, 如: from 300 B.C. to A.D. 400 由公元前三百年到公元四百年B.C.为Before Chris（t 公元前）的缩写，A.D.表示anno Domini (=in the yearof the Lord 或 since Christ was born),即“公元”。A.D.用来与B.C.形成对比，出现在正式的史书中，平时一般不用。2) operationgive an operation on sb 给某人做手术have an operation (on sb) 动手
2、术operation on sb. for sth.operation to do sth.be in operationcome into operation生效，起作用bring into operation 实施;使生效When does the plan come into operation?这项计划什么时候实施？Is this rule in operation yet?这条规定生效了吗？3）The mummy is that of Shepenmutthat 用以指代前面的 the mummy，以避免重复。在指代特指的事物时，尤其是在比较状语从句中，常用that 和those 指
3、代前面提到的事物：The cost of living here is lower than that in London.这里的生活费用比伦敦的要低。that of 和those of 一般用于较正式的文体中：The area of the USA is larger than that of Britain.美国的面积比英国的大。Toms pen is better than that of the other boys.汤姆的笔比其他男孩的要好。4）plate （照相）底片.plates taken of the mummy,taken是过去分词作定语修饰plates，take the
4、plates of 给.拍片子hand/give sb sth on a plate把某事物奉送某人/让某人轻易获得某事物You cant expect promotion to be handed to you on a plate.晋升的事不要期望会给你送货上门。5）die of,死于.，因.而死（后面跟名词）。His grandfather died of a bad cold/died of hunger.他爷爷死于重感冒是饿死的。6）The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be verydifficult（
5、1）last 表示“持续”、“延续”时为不及物动词，后面通常跟一个表示时间的名词短语，for 可有可无：The war between the two countries lasted (for) over three years/until 1453.这两个国家之间的战争持续了3 年多一直持续到1453 年。（2）prove 表示“证明”、“证实”，后面可以跟从句、形容词、名词、不定式等：Weve been trying to sell our house, but its proved to be very difficult.我们一直试图把房子卖掉，不过事实证明这很困难。You shou
6、ld first prove that you bought these goods here.你应该首先证明这些物品你是从这里买的。prove sth to sb.向某人证明某事物属实（3）which 引导的分句为非限定性关系从句，因为它前后都有逗号。非限定性关系从句提供补充信息，往往可以略去。逗号的取舍有时对句子的意思有很大影响：The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.承诺减税的政府将赢得人心。（限定性）The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be po
7、pular.这个政府承诺减税，它将会赢得人心。（非限定性）（4）在非限定性关系从句中，指人的关系代词只能用who/whom, 不能用that（限定性从句则可以）；指物的关系代词只能用which,不能用that;带介词的非限定性关系从句中也不能用that:The astronauts, who are said to be very excited, are ex pected to land on themoon shortly.那些宇航员们可望不久登上月球，据说他们很激动。This garage, which my father built in his lifetime has laste
8、d for a long time.我父亲生前建的这个车库已经有很长时间了。（which 不可省略）在非限定性关系从句中，which 有时可用来代替前面提到的整个分句：She married Joe, which(=and this/that) surprised everyone.她嫁给了乔，这使大家都感到意外。（5）1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last
9、month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带
10、着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。第7
11、7课课堂笔记（二）7) removeremove sth/sb from sth将某物（某人）移到别处，移开remove your hand from my shoulder把放在我肩手的手拿开remove the dishes (from table)撤走碗碟remove sb from sth免除某人职务He was removed from his position as chairman.他被撤去主席的职务remove=take offremove ones hat/remove ones gloves消除某人疑虑，恐惧remove doubts,fear (from your min
12、d)removable可移动的，可除去的This coffee-maker has two removable parts。这个煮咖啡器有两个部分可以拆开。8）wax 与candlewax 指各种“蜡”，为不可数名词；candle 指“蜡烛”，为可数名词：Inside every mummy there is a small wax figure.每个木乃伊体内都有一个蜡制的小塑像。All the figures in this shop are made of wax.这个店里所有的塑像都是蜡制的。I keep a candle by my bed in case the lights go
13、 out suddenly.我床边总放一枝蜡烛，以防突然停电。打过蜡的地板：waxed floor9）figure像数字（0-9）Write the figure 7 for me给我写个数字7figure-skating 花样滑冰身材，体态You have a good figure.你身材真好出众cut a fine figure出丑cut a poor figure出洋相 cut a sorry figurefigure sb/sth out理解某人（某物）弄明白I cant figure out why he quit his job.Ive never been able to fi
14、gure him out.我一直不能理解他。10）The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.医生们至今还未确定这位妇女的死因。decide 在这里不是指“下决心决定”，而是指“对.判决”、“解决（悬案）”等：The police cannot decide yet which of the two men is guilty.警方尚不能确定这两人中哪一个有罪。The judge will decide the case tomorrow法官明天判决此案。11）fall to pieces,散掉，成为碎片，比喻义为破裂During t
15、he storm, the old house fell to pieces.在暴风雨中，那座老房子塌了。After two years their marriage fell to pieces.两年以后，他们的婚姻破裂了。12）The mummy successfully survived the operation. 这具木乃伊成功地经受了这次手术。survive 表示“经历（灾难等）之后还活着(幸存）”：Only a young woman and her two baby daughters survived the plane crash.只有一位年轻的妇女和她的两个女婴在那次飞机
16、失事中生还。The plants may not survive the frost.这些植物不经冻13）skin,leather 与complexionskin 可用于指人体的“皮肤”，也可以指某人是什么颜色的皮肤。用于表示后一种意义时它与complexion（肤色）可以互换：Hard resin covered the skin.皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。We are wet to the skin.我们全身湿透了。He has a dark skin/complexion.他皮肤黝黑。leather 指“皮革”：Shoes made of real leather have become very expensive.真皮做的鞋子现在非常贵。This sofa is made from real leather.这沙发是真皮的。专心-专注-专业