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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上What is logistics Management? 什么是物流管理1.The Definition of logistics物流管理的定义After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transferofgoodsfrom the supplier(seller)to the customer(buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. Duringthe
2、 transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment (logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. 完成商业交易后 物流将以最有效的成本方式以最有效的成本方式实行从供应商（卖方）到客户（买方）货物转运。这就是物流
3、的定义。在转运过程中，像物流设施和设备（物流运输工具）之类的硬件是必要的，也需要信息控制和标准化管理。 另外，来自政府和物流协会的支持应该到位。Three major functions of logistics.物流的三个主要功能 (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics.
4、It creates the time value for goods.创造时间价值：同样的货物在不同的时间有不同的价值。货物常常在转运过程中处于滞留状态，用专业术语来说这被叫做物流储存。它创造货物的时间价值。(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.创造场所价值：同样的货物在不同的场所可被不同地定值。
5、转运过程中被累加的价值就是物流的场所价值。(3) Distribution processing Value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packagesof the goods. Like popular saying, “cutting into smaller parts” is themost commonly seen distribution processing form. Most processing wit
6、hin logistics create added value for goods.经销过程价值：有时物流创造经销过程价值，这一经销过程改变货物的长度、厚度和包装。 正像流行说法，“分割成更小块”是最常见的经销加工形式。物流的大部分过程创造货物的附加值。Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stages include:物流是一项新的商业领域，从传统阶段到现代阶段发展而来。
7、这两个阶段间的主要不同点包括：(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600400mm, form the logistics
8、module of 1,2001,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,5912,438mm -the size of highwide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships. 现代物流采用集装箱运输技术。 货物运输过程从包装开始，接着是运输、储存及经销。整个过程在物流标准下进行基于物流600400MM的基础模数，形成1,2001,000mm的物流模数，并放大到2,5912,438mm的尺寸即集装
9、箱高乘宽的尺寸。它也能被调整到适于铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准尺寸。 Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramatically improve the efficiency and accuracyof the logistics activities.Internet further assists the market development, operations and management of the logistic indu
10、stry.信心息技术对现代物流来说极其重要。条码，销售点，电子数据交换和全球定位系统极大地提高了五六活动的效率和精确性。互联网更进一步促进了物流行业的市场开发、市场操作和管理。2. Activities Included in Logistics Management物流管理的内部活动(1) Customer service. Customer service is defined “a customer-oriented philosophy that integrates and manages all customer interface withinthe lowest possibl
11、e costs to achieve optimum results.” Customer services bind all logistics activities. Whether a customer receives the rightproduct under all the right conditions will affect all other operations. 客户服务。客户服务被定义为：以客户至上为宗旨，以最可能低的成本整合、管理所有客户管理的交界面以取得最佳效果客户服务将所有的物流活动连接在一起客户是否能在适当的情景收到合适的产品将影响到其他操作活动。Order
12、 processing. “Order processing can be compared to the human bodys central nerve system, triggering the distribution process and directing the actions to be taken in satisfying order demand”. Order processing activity may be broken down into three categories. Firstly, operating elements, such as orde
13、r entry/editing, scheduling, order-shipping set preparation, and invoicing. Secondly, communication elements, suchasordermodification, order status inquiries, tracing and expediting, errorcorrection,andproducinformation requests; and lastly, credit and collection elements, including credit checking
14、and accounts receivable processing/collecting. 订单处理。 订单处理可以比作人的躯体的中枢神经系统激发分销过程并指导各种活动得以进行，以满意订货要求。订单处理活动可以被分解成三个种类。第一，操作部分，诸如订单录入与校定，生产计划运输方式的准备工作以及货物托运清单。第二，沟通部分，诸如订单修订，订货状况查询，跟踪，催促，错误修正以及产品信息寻求等。最后，信贷与托收部分，包括信贷核查和有效账户的处理和托收。Custom services plays an important part in the speed and accuracy of the o
15、rder processing. Advanced systems can reduce the time between order placement and shipment. Orders are often done through computer systems. Advanced systems, although initially expensive to the company, can substantially improve accuracy and efficiency. Often, saving in other logistics expenses(such
16、 as inventory, transportation and warehousing) or increased sales from improved customer service will justify the cost of the system.客户服务在订单处理的速度与精确性方面扮演一个重要角色。先进的系统能够减少订单下达与发货之间的时间。 订单常常通过计算即系统来完成。先进的计算机系统虽然起初对公司来说很昂贵，但它能大大地提高业务的准确性和效率。通常，别的物流开支（库存，运输和仓储）的节约，或来自客户服务提升了的销售的增长，将证明这一系统提升了的成本是非常值得的。(3)
17、 Communication in logistics. Success in todays business environment requires the management of a complex communications system. Effective communication should exist between:物流沟通 要取得当今商务环境的成功，就需要复杂沟通体系的管理。有效的沟通应该存在于下面各项之间：(a) the company, its customers and suppliers; 公司及其客户和供应商；(b) major operations o
18、f the company such as marketing, manufacturing, logistics, and finance/accounting 公司的主要运作，比如：市场，生产，物流，财务/会计；(c) logistics-related activities such as customer service, traffic and transportation, warehousing and storage, order processing, and inventory control; 与物流相关的活动，比如：客户服务，交通运输，仓储与保管，订单处理和库存控制。
19、(d) Components of each logistics acticity (within inventory control,for example,would be inplant inventory,inventory in transit,and inventory in field warehouses). 每个组成部分的物流活性（在库存控制，例如，将inplant清单，清单中过境，和在外地的仓库存货）。Communication is the vital link between the entire logistics process and customers. 通信之
20、间的重要联系，整个物流过程和客户。A firms communications system may be as sophisticated as a computerized management information system (MIS) or as simple as word-of-mouth communicated to individuals whoneed to konw”. 要判断一家公司的通信系统可作为一种先进的计算机管理信息系统（ MIS ）或简单的口耳相传的传达给个人谁“需要知道” 。(4) Inventory control.The inventory cont
21、rol is important to ensure a sufficient supply of product to meet customer and manufacturing requirements.Inventory consumes space and capital. The cost of store inventory can be 14 to over 50 percent of the total cost. Successful inventory control involves determining enough inventories to satisfy
22、customer demand and considering the cost of performing other logistics activities.清单对照库存控制重要的是要确保有足够的产品以满足客户和生产要求。库存消耗的空间和资本。成本仓储可14日至百分之五十以上的总成本。成功的库存控制涉及确定足够的库存来满足客户的需求，并考虑成本履行其他后勤活动。(5) Forecasting demands. Demand forecasting involves determining the amount of product and service that customers w
23、ill require in the future. If is important to all operations such as marketing, manufacturing, and logistics.预测的要求。需求预测涉及确定数额的产品和服务，客户将需要在未来。如果是很重要的所有操作，如市场营销，生产和物流。* Marketing forecasts determine promotional strategies, allocation of force,pricing strategies,and market research activities. 市场预测确定的促
24、销策略，分配部队，定价策略，市场调研活动。* Manufacturing forecasts determine production schedules, and acquisition strategies, and in-plant inventory decisions.制造业预测确定生产计划，收购战略，并在工厂库存的决定。* Logistics forecasts determine product transportation and storage. 物流预测确定产品的运输和储存。Demand forecasting enables managers to allocate th
25、eir resources (budgets) effectively to meet demands. Forecasting can be difficult given the market uncertainties. However, the company should undertake demand forecasting and communicate the results to other departments. Sophisticated computer models,trend analysis, sales force estimates, or other m
26、ethods can help develop such forecasts.使管理人员需求预测分配其资源（预算）有效地满足需求。预测可能很难获得市场的不确定性。不过，该公司应进行需求预测和沟通的结果向其他部门。先进的计算机模型，趋势分析，销售人员的估计，或其他方法可以帮助制定这样的预测。(6) Transportion. The goods glow is depended on transportation process, it includes selecting the method of shipment(rail, water, truck, air and pipeline),
27、choosing a specific path (routing); complying with various local, state and federl transportation regulations; and being aware of both domestic and international traffic requirements. Transportation is often the largest part in the logistics cost.运输。货物辉光是取决于运输进程，它包括选择的方法，货物（铁路，水路，卡车，空运和管道） ，选择一个特定的路
28、径（路由） ;遵守各种地方，州和federl交通法规;和正在认识到国内和国际交通的需求。交通往往是最大部分的物流成本。(7) Warehousing and storage. Products must be stored at any places unless consumers need them immediately. Warehousing and storage are activities that manage the space needed to hold the inventories. Specific storage activities include: deci
29、ding whether the storage facility should be owned, leased, or rented; warehouse layout and design; product mix considerations; safety and maintenance; security systems; personal training;and productivity measurement.仓库和储存。产品必须存放在任何地方，除非消费者需要立即。仓库和储存的管理活动的空间需求举行清单。特定储存活动包括：决定是否储存设施应拥有，租借，或租用仓库的布局和设计;
30、产品组合的考虑;安全和维修;安全系统;个人培训;和生产率衡量。(8) Plant and warehouse site selection. The strategic site near the specific markets can improve the customer service levels and lower transportation costs. When making a site decision, we need to research the product market, customer demands, location of raw materials
31、, component parts and subassemblies. Other major considerations include labor rates, transportation, taxes, security , laws, local community (such as the attitude towards a new industry) land cost, and infrastructure.工厂和仓库选址。附近的战略地点的具体市场可以提高客户服务水平和降低运输成本。当一个网站的决定，我们需要研究产品市场，客户需求，位置的原材料，部件和组件。其他主要考虑因
32、素包括劳动力成本，运输，税收，安全，法律，地方社区（如态度，一个新的行业）的土地成本和基础设施。(9) Material handling. It is concerned with handling of all materials, parts, fittings, inventory, and finished goods within a plant or warehouse. Its objectives are 物料搬运。它关注的是搬运所有材料 ，零件，配件，库存和成品在工厂或仓库。其目标是* Reduce handling possibly 处理可能减少* Minimize tr
33、avel distance 尽量减少旅行距离* Minimize goods in process 尽量减少货物在进程* Provide uniform flow without any negtive element 提供统一的流动没有任何负元素* Minimize losses (damaged or stolen goods) 尽量减少损失（损坏或被盗货物）Handling or carrying is the most frequent activities in the logistics, but generally adds no value to a product, thes
34、e operations should be kept to a minimum. Material handling plays a vital role in reducing inventory, lowering costs, and increasing productivity.处理或携带是最常见的物流活动，但一般说没有价值的产品，这些行动应保持在最低限度。材料处理方面起着重要作用，降低库存，降低成本，并提高生产力。(10) Procurement. Procurement is the acquisition of materials and services from othe
35、r companies. Procurement includes selecting supply locations, determining forms of the material to be acquired, timing, price, quality control, and many other activities. 采购。采购是购买材料和服务的其它公司。采购包括选择供应地点，确定形式的材料将予收购，时间，价格，质量控制，以及许多其他活动。(11) Parts and service support. Logistics is heavily connected with
36、 many activities involved in repair and servicing of products. After sales service is usualy part of the transaction. Such as replacing parts when products break down or malfunction. Adequate supplies of spare and replacement parts should be available to customers in need. If the product fail to per
37、form due to malfunction, the supplier of spare parts must respond quickly to avoid extra cost.零件和服务支持。物流是很大与许多活动参与修理和服务的产品。售后服务通常是交易的一部分。如更换部件时，产品打破或故障。充足的备件和更换零件应提供给客户的需要。如果产品未能履行因发生故障，供应商的零部件必须迅速作出反应，以避免额外的费用。(12) Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions-marketing and logistics. Inmarketi
38、ng the package acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distance
39、s and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.包装。包装执行两个基本职能，营销和物流。 Inmarketing一揽子促进和广告行为。其大小，重量，颜色和印刷信息吸引顾客，并转达知识产品。当企业参与国际市场营销，包装变得更加重要。产品远销国外旅行更远的距离，并进行更多的处理操作。物流包装是保护产品的过程中的后勤工作。(13) Scrap disposal. The logistics process m
40、ust effectively and quickly handle, transpot, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re-production and re-processing locations.废料处置。物流过程中必须有效和迅速地处理， transpot ，并储存废品。如果可重复使用或循环再造，物流公司应安排并将其移动到重新生产和重新加工的位置。(14) Return goods ha
41、ngling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics system are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement,or recycling, rever
42、se distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.退货处理 。退货处理往往被称为逆向物流。买家可能返回项目卖方有许多原因。大多数物流系统是不够好，处理这类案件。在许多行业，消费者的产品保修返回修理，更换，或回收，逆向物流费用可能会非常高。逆向分布将变得更为重要，因为客户的需求更加灵活的政策和良好的回报。Reading Material 阅读材料
43、International Logistics 国际物流An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management a
44、nd cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.越来越多的公司都涉及通过在国际市场上的出口，许可证，合资企业，和所有权。这一趋势应继续下去。这一趋势应继续下去。有了这样的扩大，有必要发展全球物流网络。综合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和难以管理的。There are some future trends in internationalization: 有一些未来的趋势，国际化：(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities 更多物流业的
45、主管与国际责任(2) Expansion of the number and size of foregin trade zones 扩大的数量和规模，对外贸易区(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation 减少的数额为国际文书和文件(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm 更多的外国仓储拥有和控制的出口公司(5) Increasing number of smaller firms 越来
46、越多的小型企业(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transpotation carriers.外国所有权的物流服务公司，例如，公共仓储和交通运输。(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels 越来越多的分销渠道The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and services demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the incr