2022年关于英语中的就近原则.pdf

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1、精品 word,欢迎共阅1 英语中就近一致的原则【就近原则】也称“ 邻近原则 ”“就近一致原则 ”(Proximity ) ,即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在 “ 人称、数 ” 上一致。1.由下列词语连接的并列主语: there be句型 ; or ; either or; nor; neithernor;whether or ;not but; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。Neither you nor I am wrong

2、. 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。【就远原则】

3、谓语动词与前面主语一致代表词汇: as well as; (together/along )with;rather than ;except;besides ;but;including;in addition to;apart from;like E.G:He rather than I is right. Nobody but two students is in the classroom. The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. N

4、obody made them work for so long. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅2 主谓一致1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important. 注意: 当主语由 and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念, 即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数, and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel indus

5、try is very important to our life. 典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案 B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选 D,因为 The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有 the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为

6、一个人,所以应选B。与后接名词或代词保持一致1) 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of 后面的名词,代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2) 在一些短语,如many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Many a person has

7、read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅3 英语中 ,什么是就近原则 ?就近原则什么时候用 ? 就近一致原则( 1)连词 not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Neither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他们,谁都不是完全对的。Either he or I

8、am right. 或者他对,或者我对。就近一致原则( 2)副词 here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧,公共汽车来了。主谓一致: and and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。John and Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。Fish and chips is a popular supper here. 炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为

9、整体)The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。 (同一个人既是诗人又是作家) I.在正式文体中:1.由下列词语连接的并列主语: or ; either or;nor; neitheror;whetheror;notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,

10、而是你父亲该受责备。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅4 英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系。它通常依据三项原则: 1)语法一致;2)意义一致;3)就近一致。【语法一致原则】I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g. I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。Are your mother a worker ? (误)你

11、母亲是工人吗?Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语 your mother 是单数第三人称)II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。1.“不可数名词、 可数名词单数、 单数代词、不定式(短语) 、动名词(短语) ”或“从句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g. The work is important . 这项工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.

12、g. The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。II. 以“and ”或“ both and”连接的并列主语:1.通常作复数用。e.g. Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念

13、),作单数用。 e.g. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅5 The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“ each,ever

14、y ,many ,a ,no ”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g. Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here. 这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity . 没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:1. a) “many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语: “a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。 e.g. Many a fine man has

15、 died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。b)a / an + 单名+ or two 大多接单数谓语:one or two + 复名接复数谓语。 e.g. Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。c)a / an + 单名+ and a half常接单数谓语;“one and a half + 复名”多接复数谓语。e.g. A

16、 year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。d) more than one + 单名大多接单数谓语。 e.g. More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。more + 复名+ than one 接复数谓语。 e.g. More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。more than two (three,)+复名 接复数谓语。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下

17、载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅6 e.g. More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one

18、 ,nothig ”等。 e.g. Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。3. 下列不定代词作复数用: “ (a)few ,many ,several , both”等。 e.g. Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。4 下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:1) “what ,which ,who ,whose ”等

19、。e.g. Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?Who are League Members . 哪些是团员?2)all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ), 等。e.g. All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。All (of the paint ) is fine . (这些油漆)都很好。3)half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)

20、,等。 e.g. Half of the apples are bad . 苹果中有一半是坏的。Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。.“数词” 、 “数量、单位”等词语作主语时:1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅7 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量

21、衡”等的词语, 作“整体”看时作单数用, 侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。 e.g. Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十 /五分之二值得读。Only sixty percent / three-fifths o

22、f the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4. a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样 ) +复数名词,常作复数用。e.g. A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。There are a variety of toys in this shop. 这家商店有各种各样的玩具。但是, “the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。 e.g. The

23、number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。There is (

24、are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。II. 非正式文体中:有时依“就近一致原则” ,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品 word,欢迎共阅8 e.g. Neither she nor I were there ( 意义一致 ) 我和他当时都不在那儿。 (非正式)Neither she nor I was ther

25、e . (就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。 e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him . 仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和 “意义”一致的原则;但语法上, “No one ” 才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees ” 。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -

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