《英美文学研读复习提要(共9页).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英美文学研读复习提要(共9页).doc（9页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英美文学研读复习提要About authors: 第1页F. Scott Fitzgerald; Robert Burns; 第7页Emily Dickinson; 第2,3页 Eugene ONeill; 第3页Shakespeare. (life、career and major works)-第4页Literary Items:Fiction has 4 genres 5页What is Criticism? NOVEL Symbol and symbolism Figurative language 6页l Leaves of Grass:Cavalry Cr
2、ossing a Ford is a famous poem by Walt Whitman (18191892). A poem in Leaves of Grass. 1900. l Robert Burns Jan. 25th, 1759 July. 21st, 1796,Scotland.选择Poet, Lyricist, Farmer, Exciseman-Never went to school, learned by himself-a pioneer of the Romantic movementa great source of inspiration to the fou
3、nders of both liberalism and socialism.-He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and a light Scots dialect, accessible to an audience
4、beyond Scotland. “Auld Lang Syne” is a Scots poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and according a traditional folk song . The songs Scots title may be translated into English literally as “old long since”, or more idiomatically(惯用地), long long ago, days gone by or old times. Consequently For auld la
5、ng syne, as it appears in the first line of the chorus, might be loosely translated as for (the sake of) old times.u The famous novels F. Scott Fitzgeral are: 1.The Great Gatsby 2.This Side of Paradise 3. Tender Is the Night .选择The Jazz Age was a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and was a feature
6、 of the 1920s (ending with The Great Depression) when jazz music and dance became popular.-This occurred particularly in the United States, but also in Britain, France and else where. -Jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes during the period, and its influence on pop culture contin
7、ued long afterwards. u Eugene ONeill was Americas greatest playwright and was also known as American Shakespeare.Eugene ONeill was the first American dramatist to ever receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1936). -Life and Career -A great playwright, a tragic life-Son of a traveling actor-One year
8、 at Princeton-Life as a seaman-1912, TB, start of career as a playwright-1920, first full-length play put on Broadway-1936, Nobel Prize, -4 Pulitzer Prizes (1920，1922，1928，1957)Eugene ONeill: The early period (1913-1919)Period of apprenticeship -Bound East for Cardiff （1916）东航卡迪夫his first play, mark
9、ing the beginning of ONeils long and successful dramatic career and ushered(引导，进入) in the modern era of the American theatre. Eugene ONeill: The early period (1913-1919):Features: sea life, one-act plays,romanticism, naturalism, realism, Comment on Eugene ONeill大题ONeill was a tireless experimentalis
10、t in dramatic art. He took drama away from the old traditions of the last century and rooted it deeply in life.2.He was the first playwright to explore serious themes in the theatre and to carry out his continual, vigorous, courageous experiments with theatrical conventions. His plays have been tran
11、slated and staged all over the world.3 He won Pulitzer Prize four times (1920, 1922, 1928, 1956) and the Nobel Prize in 1936 for his achievements in plays. 4 As the nations first playwright with 47 published plays, he did a great deal to establish the modes of the modern theatre in the country. 5.ON
12、eills ceaseless experimentation enriched American drama and influenced later playwrights as Tennessee Williams and Edward Albee.Themes of Hairy Ape by Eugene ONeil Human Regression by IndustrializationThe resounding theme of The Hairy Ape is the effect of industrialization and technological progress
13、 on the worker. Industrialization has reduced the human worker into a machine. As a whole, the play is a close investigation of this regressive pattern through the character Yankthe play marks his regression from a Neanderthal on the ship to an actual ape at the zoo.The Frustration of ClassMildred a
14、nd Yank are representative of the highest and lowest societal classesas Long would term it, the bourgeois and the proletariat. However, while Mildred and Yanks lifestyles are extremely different, they share similar complaints about class. Class limits and determines both Mildred and Yanks financial
15、resources, educational opportunities, outlook on life, and culture. The Hairy Ape reveals how deeply and rigidly class is inscribed into American Culture and the cultural and financial boundaries it erects.u Main features of Shakespeare:a.one of the founders of realism in world literature as well as
16、 in English literature;b.the great successes in character creations in vividness and intensity in emotional and psychological depth;c.the psychological probing of the characters inner conflict;d. the adroit plot construction conflict;e.skilled in many poetic forms;f.a great master of English languag
17、e;g. the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers the world overShakespearean SonnetThe sonnet is the requirement of every experienced poet. You must write one! Shakespearean Sonnet,or English Sonnet,It is fourteen lines of rhymed iambic pentameter. It is divided into three qua
18、ntrains and a couplet,rhyming abab/ cdcd /efef/ gg.The first 12 lines pose a problem, ask a question, or set up a situation.The couplet at the end solves the problem, answers the question or settles the situation.Literary Items:Fiction has 4 genres:1novels, 2.short stories, 3.plays ,and 4.poems.Non-
19、fiction are:biographies;memoirs;journalism; and historical,scientific,technical, or economic writings (including electronic ones).What is Criticism? 定义Criticism is the practice of judging the merits and faults of literature in an intelligible way.Kinds of Novel:1.full-length novel:conveniently, a fu
20、ll-length novel, printed, comprises a book of considerable thickness and it should indicate full development. 2.short novel:like a short story, centers on just one or two characters.3.trilogy:a group of three novels in a sequence. 4.picaresque novel:is about a rogue seeking adventures at some diffic
21、ult places and living by his wits.5.psychological novel: means that it dwells on a complex psychological development and try to present or display the characters inner mind.6.The Short Story may be defined as a fictional prose narrative.(range from 500 to 2000 words).n Symbol and symbolismA symbol i
22、s a thing that suggests more than its literal meaning.It exists widely even in our daily life.(language)symbolism:refers to the presence of suggestive associations giving rise to incremental, implied meaning.n Figurative language can include:1 metaphor 2. Simile3. personification 4. Hyperbole and th
23、e details are : Metaphor:that associates two unlike things, the representation of one thing by another.Eg.I read a book last night.I plowed through the book last night.Simile, compares two unlike things by using a connective word, such as like or as.Irony:refers to the recognition of reality differe
24、nt from the masking appearence.eg. War is kind!Personification:Giving human qualities to an inanimate object, e.g,“The moon smiled down on the lovers”.Hyperbole/ Exaggeration is a figure of speech which is an exaggeration, an extreme way of saying something.Examples:I nearly died laughing.I tried a
25、thousand times.I have a mountain of homework.soliloquy(独白) A soliloquy is a dramatic device . It allows a character to reveal his thoughts to the audience but not to the other characters in the play. Main characters from the play of The Merchant of Venice:1. Bassanio 2 Portia,3.Shylock,4. AntonioBri
26、ef Comment on Characters or Masterpieces:大题论述1. Shylock is a Jewish usurer,a victim of the society.2Beyond the Horizon, a play, Winning Pulitzer Prize. 3.Dickinson is a reclusive poet of the 19th Century. 4. Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass in 1900.5. Sonnet is fourteen lines of rhymed iambic
27、pentameter. Character: any person appearing in a drama or narrativeProtagonist 主角（hero）Antagonist 反角(anti-hero) Foil 陪衬人物(minor hero) Stock character/type character类型化人物Characters may be portrayed in 4 ways.1.character is delineated by appearance.2.character is revealed by speech.3.character is esta
28、blished by action4.character may be revealed by what other say about him, and the way in which they react to him.Roman Drama It is the Roman dramatists who have the great influence on the 16th and 17th dramatists of the European Renaissance.u Emily DickinsonSubjects based on her own experiences/joys
29、/sorrows (1) religion doubt and belief about religious subjects (2) death and immortality (3) lovesuffering and frustration caused by love (4) physical aspect of desire (5) nature kind and cruel (6) free will and human responsibilityFeatures of Dickinsons poetry: telling images, suggestive and conno
30、tative, sometimes incomprehensible a severe economy of expression direct and plain words, simple syntax faulty grammar no regular rhythm unusual capitalization without titles unusual use of punctuation marks rhetoric techniques: personification make some of abstract ideas vividKinds of Poetry:In ter
31、ms of content : 1) Lyrical Poems:Songs odes Elegy 2) Narrative Poems: Epics( heroic poems) ballads3) Dramatic Poems:usu. in dialogue; in blank verseIn terms of metre:1, Metrical Poems: Regular Rhyme; Regular Rhythm; Definite Number of Lines.2Free Verse:Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm; Irregular Number of
32、 Lines1) Blank Verse:Without Rhyme ; With Rhythm A Short Story Based on The Merchant of Venice Bassanio fell in love with Portia, but he could not ask her to marry him because he was poor. His best friend Antonio, a merchant of Venice, was willing to help him, but he had no money just then. Antonio
33、went to Shylock, a moneylender, for help. Having been scolded by Antonio for being cruel and greedy, Shylock hated him, however, he agreed to lend him the money on condition that Antonio would allow him to take a pound of his flesh if he could not repay him within three months. With the money Antoni
34、o had borrowed from Shylock, Bassanio married Portia, but unfortunately, Antonio lost all his ships at sea. He would have to give Shylock a pound of his flesh. Hearing the news, Bassanio went to his friend right away. At the court, the Duke tried hard to persuade Shylock to have mercy on Antonio, bu
35、t Shylock insisted on having a pound of his flesh. Even if/though Bassanio would pay him double the money Antonio had borrowed, Shylock would not change his mind. While the Duke was wondering what to do, a young man arrived, who was pretending to be a famous lawyer. It was Portia. After she entered
36、the room, she took her seat as judge. She knew how to deal with this troublesome case.专心-专注-专业- 高氯酸对阿胶进行湿法消化后, 用导数火焰原子吸收光谱技术测定阿胶中的铜、“中药三大宝, 人参、鹿茸和阿胶。”阿胶的药用已有两千多年的悠久历史, 历代宫 马作峰.论疲劳源于肝脏J.广西中医药,2008,31(1):31. 史丽萍,马东明, 解丽芳等.力竭性运动对小鼠肝脏超微结构及肝糖原、肌糖元含量的影响J. 辽宁中医杂志, 王辉武,吴行明,邓开蓉.内经“肝者罢极之本”的临床价值J . 成都中医药大学学报,1
37、997,20(2):9. 杨维益,陈家旭,王天芳等.运动性疲劳与中医肝脏的关系J.北京中医药大学学报. 1996,19(1):8.1 运动性疲劳与肝脏 张俊明.“高效强力饮”增强运动机能的临床J中国运动医学杂志，1989，8（2）：10117 种水解蛋白氨基酸。总含量在56.73%82.03%。霍光华采用硝酸-硫酸消化法和18（4）：372-374.1995,2062 林华,吕国枫,官德正等. 衰竭运动小鼠肝损伤的实验性J.天津体育学院党报, 1994,9(4):9-11. 凌家杰.肝与运动性疲劳关系浅谈J.湖南中医学院学报.2003，2（6）31. 凌家杰.肝与运动性疲劳关系浅谈J.湖南中医
38、学院学报.2003，23（6）：31. 谢敏豪等.训练结合用中药补剂强力宝对小鼠游泳耐力与肌肉和肝Gn, LDH 和MDH 的影响J中国运动医学杂 杨维益,陈家旭,王天芳等.运动性疲劳与中医肝脏的关系J.北京中医药大学学报. 1996,19(1):8.2.1 中药复方2.2 单味药33 阿胶和复方阿胶浆 常世和等.参宝片对机体机能影响的J.中国运动医学杂志，1991，10（1）：49. 聂晓莉，李晓勇等.慢性疲劳大鼠模型的建立及其对肝功能的影响J. 热带医学杂志，2007,7(4)：323-325.3.1 概述3.2 关于阿胶和复方阿胶浆医疗保健作用的3.2.1 营养成分和评价3.2.2 阿胶
39、的药理作用3.2.3 阿胶的临床应用4 Xie MH, etalEffects of Hong jing tian she 1u on reproductive axis function and exercise capacities in men. The5 周志宏等补肾益元方对运动小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响J.中国运动医学杂志，2001，20（1）：83-84202-204.5InternationalCourseandConferenceonPhysiologicalChemistry and Natrition of exercise and training (Abstract)6 杨维
40、益等中药复方“体复康”对运动性疲劳大鼠血乳酸、p 一内啡肤、亮氨酸及强啡肤Al-13 影响的实验研。仙灵口服液可提高机体运动能力，加速运动后血乳酸的消除。F3 口服液能调整PCO2 孙晓波等鹿茸精强壮作用的J.中药药理与临床，1987，3（3）：11. 于庆海等高山红景天抗不良刺激的药理J中药药理与临床，1995，7（7）：283. 牛锐淫羊藿炮制前后对小鼠血浆睾丸酮及附近性器官的影响J中国中药杂志，1989,14(9):18P 0.05) 。肝脏是动物机体重要脏器之一,Pi，同疲），肝主筋，人之运动皆由于筋，故为罢极之本”。人体肝脏的功能活动也必阿胶, 味甘性平, 入肺、肝、肾经, 具有补血
41、止血、滋阴润肺的功效。神农本阿胶,又称驴皮胶,为马科动物驴的皮去毛后熬制而成的胶块,是中国医药宝库中阿胶、熟地配伍能使补而不滋腻, 共奏益气补血之功, 主要治疗各种原因导致的气血阿胶对细有促进作用；提示阿胶能提高机体免疫功能。 另外阿胶具阿胶具有很好的止血作用，常用来治疗阴虚火旺、血脉受伤造成的出血。比如，阿胶能治疗缺铁性贫血，再生障碍性贫血等贫血症状，阿胶对血小板减少，白细阿胶是一类明胶蛋白，经水解分离得到多种氨基酸，阿胶具有很多的药理作用和阿胶又称驴皮胶, 为马科动物驴的皮去毛后熬制而成的胶块。中药界有句口头禅:阿胶中的营养成分比较多，主要有蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸、金属元素、硫酸皮肤。把阿胶
42、应用于运动员或人群中的实践应用性，具有很大的潜力和市场前景，白血病、鼻咽癌、食道癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等。阿胶不温不燥，老少皆宜，一年四季均伴随现代竞技体育的强度越来越大，运动员在大运动量训练后出现的各种疲劳征象，胞减少等症也具有效果明显效果；另外，经配伍，阿胶可用来治疗多种出血症。医学保健作用，阿胶具有耐缺氧、耐寒冷、抗疲劳和增强免疫功能作用；同时，阿胶具有本文的目的意义有以下两个方面：一是通过阿胶的抗疲劳能力，来进一本以运动性疲劳相关症状明显的篮球运动员为对象，以谷丙转氨酶、谷表明，阿胶还用于治疗妊娠期胎动不安，先兆流产,习惯性流产等。对于月经病步了解运动员服用阿胶以后，不但能够使男女运动员的谷
43、草转氨酶含量水平、谷丙转参促进人体对糖原和三磷酸腺苷等能源物质的合理利用, 并使剧烈运动时产生的乳草经将其列为上品。本草纲目载阿胶“疗吐血衄血, 血淋尿血, 肠风下痢, 女草转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶、总胆红素、白蛋白和白蛋白/球蛋白含量水平为测定指标，产生运动。从中医学的观点来看，筋就是聚集在一起的肌肉束，膜是筋的延长和扩布；常所说的肌腱和韧带等器官，韧带和肌腱坚韧有力。通过韧带和肌腱伸缩牵拉骨骼肌充在筋”, 也就说明了筋的功能受到肝脏的调节, 所以, 医家大多从筋与肝相关的角除运动后的疲劳, 已经成为运动医学领域的热点,而中医药在改善、消除运动性促进肌肉和肝脏有氧氧化能力的作用。 红景天圣露能促进
44、机体运动后的恢复和消除促进血液凝固和抗贫血作用，有提高血红蛋白红细胞，白细胞和血小板的作用。到影响。的变化, 主要表现为部分肝细胞破裂, 内容物进入窦状隙, 未受损的肝细胞糖原明的核心问题之一, 也是运动训练学所要克服的核心问题之一, 疲劳是机体的一的滋补类药品；因始产于聊城东阿，故名阿胶，距今已有两千多年的生产历史；最早低分子肽含量分别是15%45%、10.97%13.18% 。霍光华采用标准水解法和氨基低运动后血清尿素氮含量； 加速体内尿素氮及血乳酸的清除速率；提高小鼠的游泳点、“肝之合筋”的观点、“肝者,其充在筋” 的观点、“食气入胃,散精于肝,淫气于动领域的广泛应用。动性疲劳关系最为密
45、切者当首推肝脏。动性疲劳后机体恢复作用和机制的十分活跃。动员和贮备，以及机体对运动刺激的适应和运动后的疲劳的恢复起到重要的促进作用度阐述肝与疲劳的关系, 其实肝尚可通过脏腑气血等多个途径影响疲劳感的产生和度的DS 标准液, 加适量天青试液, 536nm 处测定吸收值, 建立工作曲线回归方程。对于运动产生的机理, 中医学解释比较通俗易懂, 即：韧带和肌腱的伸缩牵拉骨对运动性疲劳的多集中于中枢疲劳与外周肌肉疲劳，而较少涉及肝脏实质器而略于补立法，以健脾保肝、补中益气组方的确是防治运动性疲劳的一条新思新。故发挥和延缓运动性疲劳的产生都能起积极而有效的作用。总之,体力和脑力的产生均复的适应能力。复方阿
46、胶浆是由阿胶、红参、党参、熟地、山楂等药组成, 主入肝、脾两经。方肝，人动血运于经,”的论述。明确指出运动能力与肝和血密切相关。这种“动则血肝脾同处于中心位置，共同掌管着气化的职责，所以运动性疲劳的气虚神乏大多是由肝损害可导致动物运动能力下降, 也有大量实验观察了急性力竭疲劳对动物肝脏的肝糖原、肌糖元含量下降, 其程度随着衰竭运动次数增加而增加。林华等通过对衰肝有关，由此可以推测神经递质、激素的释放等生理活动均同肝脏有密切关系。再者肝与筋的关系非常密切，在许多著作中都阐述了这一观点。如“肝主筋” 的观肝脏对内分泌具有促进作用。中医认为，胆汁的分泌、女子的排卵、男子的排精均主藏血、主筋，为“罴极
47、之本”，有储藏营血与调节血量的作用,是提供运动所肝主疏泄，调畅气机，对气血津液的生成、输布和代谢有着重要意义。就运动生高山红景天在疲劳情况下能提高机体持续工作的时间，维持血压、心率的正常水高小鼠肝糖原的储备量； 降低运动后血清尿素氮含量；加速体内尿素氮及血乳酸的骼肌产生运动。素问六节藏象论曰：“肝者,罢极之本,魂之居也, 其华在爪, 其个特别复杂的生理生化过程。 总的说来，疲劳可分为生理疲劳和心理疲劳。 1982工作能力的作用。强力宝能促进肌肉和肝脏有氧氧化能力的作用。参宝片也能具有官的疲劳。肝脏作为人体重要的脏器，与运动性疲劳的关系极为密切。国际运动医学协会主席普罗科朴(Polo1Capur
48、) 认为运动性疲劳问题是运动医学过度的训练、残酷的比赛引起的缺氧、强应激反应会导致机体的神经内分泌系统、心过去一段时间，抗运动性疲劳传统上单纯采用补的模式,现在，中医药抗疲劳出还认为“食气入胃，全赖肝木之气以疏泄之，而水谷乃化，气血方得以运生”，说明和血虚者，如服用阿胶补益，也具有良好的效果。临床上充分发挥阿胶的养血、补血、恢复正常，促进酸碱平衡的恢复，减少碱性物质的消耗。机体的血量增加,以便增加通气/血流比值。肝内所贮存的血液就会更多的向机体全身肌腱和韧带等器官的力量。筋和筋膜向内连着五脏六腑，肝将脾输送来的精微之气浸、涉水等劳动或运动都称为“劳”, 而竞技体育由于其具有大运动量、高强度的加。剑, 便无踪无影。阿娇日日夜夜在狮耳山、狼溪河附近狩猎。最后, 用利剑杀死了一奖牌呢?毫无疑问是靠长时间艰苦的训练，然而伴随现代竞技体育的强度越来越大，娇, 决心要找到救治此病的特效药物, 为民解忧。阿娇姑娘日以继夜地爬山涉水, 不竭性运动后小鼠肝脏超微结构的观察, 发现连续7 次的衰竭运动使肝细胞呈