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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he
2、married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years (1828-1834 ). During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his char- acteristic style a
3、nd thought. This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. In 1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic rendering and not a factual account of the great event
4、in history. Besides these two masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840), On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and others. Carlylese, a peculiar style of his own, was a compound of biblical phrases, col loquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arr
5、anged in unexpected sequences. One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation, among them were Mathew Arnold and Ruskin.2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London and brought up within the precincts of the anci
6、ent law courts, his father being a servant to an advocate of the inner Temple. He went to school at Christs Hospital, where he had for a classmate Coleridge, his life-long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in the India House and here he worked for 33 years until he was re-tired on a pension. H
7、is devotion to his sister Mary, upon whom rested an hereditary taint of insanity, has done al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor of his writings to endear his name. They collaborated on several books for children, publishing in 1867 their famous Tales from Shakespeare. His dramatic essay
8、s, Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (1808), established his reputation as a critic and did much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be then drama. The Essays of Ella, published at intervals in London Magazine, were gathered together and republished in two series, the first in 1823, the second ten
9、 years later. They established Lamb in the title which he still holds, that of the most delightful of English essayists.1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of
10、it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoilt.2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time
11、 in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each others private life and thoughts.3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversa
12、tion, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of the Kings English. When the people talked about the resistance
13、 in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for English as it should be spoken, the conversation moved to Norman England because at that time a language barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors
14、 used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.6. The writer seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is against any form of cultural barrier or the cultural humiliation of any section or group of people.7. The term the Queens English was used in 1953 by Nash because a
15、t that time the reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth I. The term the Kings English is the more common form because the ruling monarch is generally a king. Those who are not very particular may use the term the Kings English, even when the ruling monarch is a queen. In 1602, Dekker used the term t
16、he Kings English, although the reigning monarch was still Queen Elizabeth.8“The Kings English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 115413999The writer thinks “the Kings English” is a class representation of reality1t is worth trying to speak “the K
17、ings English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from belowThe Kings English is a model a rich and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum10During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language
18、 Language bears the stamp of the class that uses itThe Kings English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England1The title of this piece is not well chosenIt misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relations
19、hip between pub talk and the Kings EnglishWhereas the writerin reality，is just discoursing on what makes good conversationThe Kings English is connected with “pub talk” when the writer describes the charming conversation he had with some people one evening in a pub on the topic “the Kings English” t
20、o illustrate his point that bar conversation in a pub has a charm of its own21n this essay the writer alluded to many historical and literary event such as the Norman conquest，the saloons of 18th century Paris，and the words of many a man of letters For a short expository essay like this，the allusion
21、s used are more than expected and desirable3 Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph by means of which the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of itBut one feels the change from “pub talk” to “the Kings English” a bit too abrupt4The simple idiomatic exp
22、ressions like to be on the rocks，out of bed on the wrong side，etc”may be said to go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer used for an informal conversational style to Suit the theme of this essay in which the writer tries to defend informal uses of language5The writers a
23、ttitude towards “the Kings English” shows that he is a defender of democracy1And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings(Animals and birds are not capable of conversation) 2Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view 3 In fact a person who
24、 really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view 4People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each others lives5 The conversation could go on withou
25、t anybody knowing who was right or wrong6 These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eatwe call their meat beef 7 The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the
26、culture of the、rulers 8The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more9 The phrase，the Kings English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated peo
27、ple10 There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class11 There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to representFor example，the
28、word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animalWe mustnt regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself12 Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversationV See the translation of the text 1. on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a mar
29、riage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2 get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way” It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of b
30、ed)3on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting4 turn up ones nose at：scorn；show scorn for5 into the shoes： metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Sax
31、on peasant，i e as if one were a Saxon peasant6 come into ones own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65 7sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of1ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their qua
32、rrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。 2scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲 笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不
33、睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。conversation(communication)，intercourse，com，commerceintercommunication，dealings，traffic，exchange，interchange，correspondence，truck，etcuncomplicated，uninvolved，simple，plain，unmixed，unmingleduncombined，unsophisticated，straight，elementary etcThe following words are all borrowed from Fr
34、ench：1冷餐2烹调 3柠檬汁4烈性甜酒 5早餐午餐 6菜谱 7沙龙客厅 8晚会 9景泰蓝 10煎鸡蛋 11餐馆老板 12保留节目，全部节目全部技能 13政变 14芭蕾舞团 15随员 16连音连络 17记忆错觉回忆 幻想 18再来一次 19放流行歌曲唱片的夜总会 20枝 形吊灯1No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.2. It is not a matter of interest if the
35、y are cross or in a bad temper.3. Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each others lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. 4. Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place. 5. The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting. 6. W
36、e ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time. 7. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide. 8. I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries. 9. Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.10. We would never have talked about Au
37、stralia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest. Coherence and unity can be enhanced by continuity in the paragraph. Continuity gives writing a sense of smoothness. Good organization is essential for continuity, because the clear, logical arrangement makes the order of thought ea
38、sy to follow. But good transitions also help to make the writing smooth. The three common transitional devices are: pronoun reference, repetition of important words, and transitional expression. The two paragraphs in the exercises employ these three methods to establish continuity and so improve coh
39、erence and unity of the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 1) Transitional words and expressions: for instance, on the other hand2) Pronoun reference. we (referring back to teen-agers), us, our, us, us, our, us, our, us, us 3) Repetition of important words: teen-agers, teen-years, teen-agers, teens Paragraph 2
40、 1) Transitional words and expressions: As of today, After that, Then, for instance, even that 2) Pronoun reference :I, my, I, myself, I, I, me, my, I, I 3) Repetition of important words. food (and names of different kinds of food). Omitted. Peculiarities of Spoken EnglishThe peculiarities of spoken
41、 English, in my opinion, become apparent in contrast with those of written English. First, in spoken English, people tend to use small and simple words, and since they have little time to think about the use of proper or exact words, they may fail to convey their feelings or thoughts effectively. An
42、d when they cannot think of anything to say, they may use mouth-fillings such as you know, I think, etc. While writing, people are generally allowed enough time to think of the choice of words and they can usual- ly express themselves successfully. Secondly, when spoken English used, people may use
43、many broken sentences or other ungrammatical ones due to the limit of time. While writing, however, people seldom make similar mistakes unless they are not well-educated enough. Finally, when speaking, people may move from one idea to another casually and the speech can not be well organized. When it comes to the use of pen, people usually pay much attention to the structure or the whole passage. 专心-专注-专业