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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Unit 1 safety management system专心-专注-专业Accident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为
2、Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系S
3、tatus review 状态审查Lower-level management低层管理者Business performance组织绩效Most senior executive高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Sch
4、ein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to
5、 new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题。The safety culture of an organization is the prod
6、uct of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organizations health and safety management.译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟
7、练程度。Unit 2 System Safety EngineeringSystem safety engineering系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果Engineering practice 工程实践Safety problem 安全问题Accelerating technology快速发展的技术Safety effort 安全投入Systems life cycle 系统的生命周期System effectiveness系统有效性Logical reasoning 逻辑推理Potential accident 潜在事故Accident cause 事故原因Logical
8、programming合理的规划System hazard系统危害Safety input安全投入Inherently safe system本质安全系统Schedule delays进度拖延Concept phase初步计划阶段Safety criteria安全标准Government regulations 政府管制System operation系统运行System analysis系统分析System design系统设计Aid in有助于Equipment specifications设备说明Maintenance plans 维护计划Safety problems安全问题Devel
9、opment phase发展阶段Operation phase运行阶段Performance reviews绩效评估Disposal phase处理阶段Intuitive process直觉过程Make decisions做决定Hazard control危险控制Protective apparel防护服Engineering solutions工程方法/手段Protective devices保护装置Warning devices报警装置Incorrect interpretation误解Hazardous material危险物质Work area layout工业区布局Education
10、al solutions教育方法/手段Training sessions培训会议Safety promotion programs安全促进项目Administrative solutions行政方法/手段Personnel selection人员选择Safety shoes安全鞋Safety belt安全带Safety glasses防护眼镜Accident prevention事故预防Technical system技术系统Responsible official负责人Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis t
11、o be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis tech
12、nique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.译文：危险分析过程不是凭直觉就能完成的。对于一个有意义的分析，必须在有效的假设基础上对系统进行合理的、准确的描述。它的成功主要取决于进行分析的人所具有的技能与知识。只要对被研
13、究的系统和用于分析的技术有全面的了解，任何人都可以进行危险分析。在实践过程中，要想获得全面而有价值的危险信息，必须要一些具有不同知识背景的人共同努力才行。System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the complex technical systems that are common in todays society.
14、It is based on the ideas that accidents result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, sys
15、tem safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.译文：安全系统工程是一个相对较新的预防事故的方法。它的概念和相关技术是在人们提高当今普遍存在的复杂技术系统安全性的各种努力过程中逐渐发展而来的。它基于这样一个思想，即所有的事故都是系统内大量相互作用的原因造成的，理论上，各种原因及相互作用都能被识别、评估，并得到控制。通过在系统的生命周期内合理的应用科学的管理原则，系统安全工程就有望获得最佳的安全程度。The efforts necessary to achieve the desired degree
16、of safety are usually organized into formal programs. The objective of such programs is to assure that system hazards are eliminated or otherwise controlled as early in the life cycle as possible. Most of the detail work involved in a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. W
17、ith the information provided by analysis, responsible officials can determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling the hazards identified.译文：要想获得所期望的安全程度，所有必须做的工作都应编制成正式的计划。这些计划的目标就是确保系统里的危险被消除，或者使危险在系统生命周期内尽早的得到控制。系统安全计划中的大量具体工作在危险分析的过程中得以执行。通过分析提供的信息，负责人就能选择最安全、最有效的方式来控制被识别出来的危险。Unit 3
18、The ergonomics Processergonomics process人机工程过程MSDs （are injuries and illnesses of the safe tissue and nervous system that affect your bodys: Muscles, Nerves, Tendons(经脉), Ligaments(韧带 ), Joints）由肌肉组织或神经系统引起的伤害或疾病Upper echelons上层、高层hourly employee钟点工Job sites 工地Ergonomics committee人机工程委员会Medical mana
19、gement医疗管理Musculoskeletal stressors 肌肉骨骼紧张性刺激Ergonomics input人机工程投入Management commitment管理承诺/行为Manufacturing engineers制造业工程师Plant manager工厂经理Process engineer生产工程师Human resource manager人力资源经理Safety manager安全经理Sub-committee分委员会Overseeing body 监督主体low back disorder腰部疾病Active and passive surveillance 主动
20、和被动监督Job stressors工作压力源Follow-up后续工作Ergonomics awareness人机工程意识Follows through实现，把进行到底Chain of command指挥链Hit list黑名单You must assess the outcome of the hazard identification process and determine if immediate action is necessary or if, in fact, there is an actual hazard involved. When you do not view
21、a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to the ongoing process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why. This will insure the continued cooperation of workers in hazard identification.你必须对危险辨识过程中得到的结果进行评估，并决定在实际危险存在时是否需要立刻采取措施。当你不把一个已被报告的危险当做一个实际存在的
22、危险时，你必须在工作过程中告诉工人你没把这个被报告的危险当做一个真正的危险，并解释原因。这将确保工人们在危险识别过程中进行持续合作。Unit 4 Hazard identificationHazard identification危险识别Outcome后果Ongoing process正在进行的过程Place on重视Exposure limit暴露极限Ventilation system通风系统Budgetary constraint预算约束Jobsite safety inspection工作场所安全检查Accident investigation事故调查Labor management
23、committee劳动管理委员会Accident incidence事故发生率Severity rate严重事故率Industrial accident工业事故Work procedure工作/操作程序Walk-round inspection巡视Overexertion 用力过度Carpal tunnel syndrome腕管综合症Extreme temperature极限温度Worker-oriented以人为本的Mitigate 减轻/缓和Abatement 降低/消除This approach to hazard identification does not require that
24、 someone with special training conduct it. It can usually be accomplished by the use of a short fill-in-the-blank questionnaire. This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce. The most time-consuming port
25、ion of this process is analyzing the assessment and response regarding potential hazards identified. Empowering workers to identify hazards, make recommendations on abatement of the hazards, and then suggest how management can respond to these potential hazards is essential.这种危险辨识的方法不需要经过特需训练的人来执行。通
26、常经过一个简短的问卷调查就能完成。在一些管理比较开放、真心关心工人安全和健康的地方，这种危险辨识方法能起到很好的作用。这个过程中最耗时的部分就是对识别的潜在的危险进行分析评估和反馈。赋予工人识别危险、对减小危险提出建议并提出如何对这些潜在的危险进行管理的权利是必须的。Unit 5 What is an OHSMSOHSMS职业健康安全管理体系Legacy 遗产，留给后人的东西In practice在实践中Allow for考虑到Regulatory system监管体系Review phase审查阶段Specific objective特殊目标Corrective action纠正措施Be c
27、entral to极为重要Systematic approach系统方法Systemic linkage体系联动Inter-linked相互链接Feedback loop反馈环Specific program element详细计划Mandatory 强制的Arise from由。引起Strategic objective战略目标Commercial pressure商业压力Principal contractor总承包商Hybrid method混合方法Market-based基于市场的Formalised prescription 正式的法规/规定Mandated principle明文规
28、定的原则Stem from起源于，来自于Regulatory framework规章制度European Union Framework Directive欧盟框架指令All-encompassing approach包罗万象的方法Sparingly 少量的Home grown国产的/自己制定Chamber of Commerce and Industry工商会/工商联Framing 编制/制定Emergency planning应急计划Planning and accountability计划与职责Managerialist and participative models经理主导模式和参与
29、模式bureaucratic model官僚模式Top down由上而下Trace to追溯到Empirical test经验实验 Mutually exclusive相互排斥的Quality levels质量标准Expand upon详述/进一步阐述Level of achievement成就水平 Performance level执行标准Graduating up逐渐变化At the behest of在。命令/要求下Set out阐述、陈列Conversely, an alternative participative model of “management systems” can
30、be traced to socio-technical systems theory, which emphasises organisational interventions based on analysis of the inter-relationships of technology, environment, the orientation of participants, and organisational structure.相反，一个可选择来使用的“管理系统”模型可以追溯到社会-技术系统理论，该理论强调组织干预，这种组织干预是建立在对技术、环境、参与者的定位及组织结构之
31、间的相互关系进行分析的基础上的。So far, we have shown that OHSMS can vary upon a number of dimensions relating to method of implementation, system characteristics, and degree of implementation. Such variance is important because it affects evaluation and measurement of OHSMS performance. Measures appropriate for on
32、e dimension of a system will be irrelevant to another. Evaluation of OHSMS effectiveness may need to take account of what systems are expected to do. Are they to meet complex system or simple design standards? Are they implemented at the behest of management or external OHS authorities? Are objectiv
33、es the simple ones such as reducing direct lost-time injuries or do they include satisfying multiple stakeholders? Are they at an early or established stage of development; and which of several different configurations of control strategy and management structure/style is adopted? 到目前为止，我们已经表明OHSMS能
34、呈现多样性的特征，这些特征与执行方法、系统特征和执行程度相关。这种多样性的变化非常重要，因为它对OHSMS性能的评价和测量有影响。对一个体系的某种特征适合的方法可能对另一个特征不合适。OHSMS有效性的评价需要考虑到底期望这个体系来干什么？它们满足复杂的体系呢还是只是一个简单的设计标准？它们是不是在管理者或者外界OHS权威人士的要求下被执行的？它们的目标是这种简单的（比如减少直接的时间损失伤害）还是使多数风险金管理机构满意？它们是在处于形成的早期还是在建立时期？采取哪一种不同控制策略的形态和管理结构/形式？Unit 6 Industrial HygieneIndustrial hygiene工
35、业卫生Physical hazards 物理危害、物质危害Nonionizing radiation非电离辐射Adverse effects副作用、坏的影响Loud noise嘈杂的声音Chemical bum化学烧伤Live electrical circuits带电电路Confined space密闭空间Hearing loss听力丧失Physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍Annoyance 烦恼Grinder 砂轮机Power tools电动工具Narrow band noise窄带噪声Impulse 脉冲Sound level meter噪声计Thr
36、eshold of pain痛觉阈Jet engine喷气式发动机Time-weighted average时间加权平均Snap捻手指的声音Heat stress热威胁、热应力Extremity 四肢Shivering 颤抖Hard labor辛苦工作Fatigued 疲乏的Living tissue活组织Plastic sealer塑料密封机Biological Hazards生物危害Mold 霉菌Potable water饮用水Sewage 污水Physical contact身体接触Allergic reaction过敏反应Insect scale介壳虫Severe pain剧烈的疼痛M
37、anual handling手工处理Disk injuries椎间盘伤害Airborne 空中的On a daily basis每天Hazard Communications Standard危害通识规定Stipulation 规定、条款Trade name商标名Hydrogen cyanide氰化氢Chemical asphyxiant化学窒息物质Central nervous system中枢神经系统Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recogni
38、tion, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community”.工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术
39、，这些压力产生或来自于工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或使工人或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服”。Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep. Noise is any undesired
40、sound and is usually a sound that bears no information with varying intensity. It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be harmful, cause annoyance, and/or interfere with speech.当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括
41、任何信息的声音。它干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并（或）干扰人们说话。Unit 9 Accident InvestigationAccident Investigation事故调查After-the-fact事实背后的Take an investigation进行调查Fact-finding process寻找事实的过程Insurance carrier保险公司/承保人Place blame推卸责任Permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失For simplicity为简单起见Accident prevention事故预防Investigati
42、ve procedures调查过程Fact finding寻找事实Operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图Maintenance chart维修图表Bound notebook活页笔记本Physical or chemical law物理或化学定律Table of contents目录Narrative 叙事的Counter-measure干预措施Investigator collects evidence from many sources during an investigation, gets information from witnesse
43、s and observation as well as by reports, interviews witnesses as soon as possible after an accident, inspects the accident site before any changes occur, takes photographs and makes sketches of accident scene, records all pertinent data on maps, and gets copies of all reports. Documents containing n
44、ormal operating procedures flow diagrams, maintenance charts or reports of difficulties or abnormalities are particularly useful. Keep complete and accurate notes in a bound notebook. Record pre-accident conditions, the accident sequence and post-accident conditions. In addition, document the locati
45、on of victims, witnesses, machinery, energy sources, and hazardous materials.调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确的记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械、能量来源和危害物质的位置。Unit 10 S
46、afety ElectricitySafety electricity安全用电Electrical equipment电力设备Fuse puller保险丝夹Break contact断开接点/触电Hot side高压端Load side负荷端Line side线路/火线端Groundfault circuit interrupt漏电保护器Ground fault接地故障Receptacle 电源插座Hot bubs热水澡桶Underwater lighting水底照明Fountains 人工喷泉Ungrounded (hot)conductor未接地(高压)导体/火线Neutral conductor中性导体Fault current故障电流Load center载荷中心Panelboard配电板Branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座Plug-in插入式Electrical shock电击/电击事故Take cha