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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上UnU 5教孩子好奇Teach Your Child to Wonder Sadly, far too few schools make science appealing .Courses introduce more new vocabulary than foreign language courses. Textbooks for people are as dull as dictionaries. As a result结果, too many children think that science is only for people as clever
2、 as Einstein.令人可悲的是.能把科学课程上得具有吸引力的学校为数微乎其微。科学课程介绍给 学生的术语甚至比外语课程的同汇还要多，其课本也像词典一样的乏味。结果，有太多的学 生认为，科学只适合像爱因斯坦样聪明的人学习。The irony is that children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easytheres no need for a lot of scient
3、ific jargon or expensive laboratory equipment. You only have to share your childrens curiosity好奇心. 有讽刺意义的是，孩子就是天生的自然科学家，本能地渴望探索周围的世界。帮助他们 享受科学其实很容易，无需很多科学术语,也+必使用昂贵的试验设备。你仅仅需要分享孩 子的好奇心。I once visited a class of seven-year-olds七岁儿童 to talk about science as a career. The children asked me textbook que
4、stionsabout schooling 上学, salary, whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing each other in silence. Finally I said, “Now that weve finished with your lists, have you got any questions of your own about science?” 有一次我给一个七岁孩子的班级讲了讲科学家这个职业。孩子们问我的是一些书本问 题，如上学、工资，我是否喜欢自己的工作等。我回答完问题后
5、，大家安静地坐在那里互相望 着对方。最后我就说既然你们已经问完了你们事先准备的问题，你们就科学方面是否有 自己的问题要问？”After a long pause停顿, a boy raised his hand. “Have you ever seen a grasshopper蚂蚱 eat? When I eat leaves like that, I will get stomachache. Why?”过了一会儿，一个男孩举起了手。“你见过妈蚱吃东西吗？我那样吃树叶就肚子痛，为 什么？” This began a barrage of questions that lasted near
6、ly two hours. “What makes tears?“ “Where do little spiders get all the stuff材料 to make their webs?” “Am I just a bag of blood? When I cut myself, I see blood.” 下子一大堆这样的问题就提了出来，时间持续了将近两个小时。“眼泪是什么做的？” “小蜘蛛从哪里弄到那么多东西来织自己的网？”“我是-个大血包吗？我划自己一下就能 看到血。” You may not know the answers to your childs questions.
7、 Its all right to say，“I dont know but maybe we can find out弄清楚.” Then you can explore the questions together. 你也许不知道怎样回答孩子的问题。你完全可以说我不知道，但也许我们可以找到 答案。”然后你们可以一起探讨这些问题的答案。 2. Even if you know the answer to a childs question, resist the impulse to respond quickly leaving no opening for discussion . Th
8、at reinforces the misconception that science is merely a set of facts stored in the heads of adults. Science is about explaining. Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to themby weaving information into a story about how nature probably operates. 二、即使你知道孩子所提问题的答案，还是要忍住急于回答的冲动，别让
9、孩子没有时间思 考。那样就会加深孩子的错觉,认为科学仅仅是储存在大人头脑中的一系列事实。其实，科 学就是解释。科学不仅仅是事实，而是人们赋子它的内涵即各项信息汇总成为大自然 的有根据的运行实况。 The best way to respond to a childs question is to begin that process of story-making together. If she asks why its dark at night, try, “Lets think of what is different about night that would make it da
10、rker than day.” If he wonders where bee live, say, Lets watch and maybe we can see where they go.” Always be ready with the answer. “Lets find out” 回答孩子问题的最佳方式就是开始描绘实况的过程。要是孩子问为什么晚上天是黑 的，可以说“让我们想一想晚上要是没有白天黑的话那和白天有什么区別呢？”如果孩子想知 道蜜蜂住在哪里，可以说“让我们观察一下，也许我们能看到它们去哪儿。”时刻准备这样回答孩子,让我们找答案吧”3. Grown-ups are not
11、orious for expecting quicker answers. Studies over the past three decades have shown that，after asking a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for a responseno time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more，children respond with more logic
12、al，complete and creative answers. 成年人有一个不好的习惯就是希望很快得到问题的答案，过去30年的研究也表明了 这一点，当问了一个问题后，成年人一般等待回答的时间也就是秒钟其至更少，没有留出 时间让孩子进行思考。当成年人将“等待回答时间”增加到3秒或以上的时候，孩子就会给 出更合乎逻辑的、更完整的、也更有创造性的答案。I once conducted a lesson on air pressure by pushing two rubber toilet plungers together until all the air was driven out an
13、d they were tightly suctioned. Two children had to tug them mightily to separate them. “How comewhy you need so much force to pull them apart” I asked. 我曾上过一堂有关气压的课程，将两个手压皮碗泵挤压在一起，挤出里面的空气，使之 紧紧地相互吸在一起。两个孩子用了很大的劲才将它们分开。我就问他们“为什么你们要用这么大的劲才能将它们分开呢？After several minutes，a boy named Ron said, “The air is
14、 trapped in there and it finds a hole and it all goes out. Thats what makes a popping sound”. He went on to demonstrate his misconception，but I didnt say anything yet. 几分钟以后，一个名叫任的孩子说“空气被挤压在里面，找到了一个洞，就跑光了。还发出了噗噗的声音。”他继续解释自己的错误概念，但我那时没有说什么。 Another pupil then revealed what shed been thinking: “No，its
15、 because all the air is out of the plunger”. She pushed it down on the floor until it stuck，showing that once the air was forced out of the cup，the air pressure was less on the inside than on the outside. 然后，另外一个学生给大家讲了她的看法。“不对，因为手压泵里面的空气被挤了出来。”她把手压泵压向地面直到吸住了地板，并向大家显示，一旦里面的空气被挤了出来，里面的气压就会低于外面的气压。 Ra
16、ther than telling children what to think，give them time to think for themselves. If a child gets the answer wrong，be patient. You can help when needed with a few leading questions. 不要给孩子规定去思考什么，给他们时间自己考虑问题。如果一个孩子将问题答案搞错了，也要有耐心。有必要的话你可以用一些引导性的问题启发他们。 Once you have a child engaged in a science discuss
17、ion，dont jump in with “Thats right” or “Very good”. These verbal rewards work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in conversing about science，quick praise can signal that the discussion is over. Instead, keep the ball rolling by saying，“Thats interesting” or “Id never thought of it
18、that way before”，or coming up with more questions or ideas. 一旦孩子们对科学问题进行讨论，不要用“对！”或者好！”这样的评价打断他们。这些赞扬的话对鼓励他们在行为方面表现得好的方面的确有效果，而在探讨科学话题的过程中迅速的称赞会示意这场讨论的结束。反过来，要鼓励他们继续讨论，可以这样说“这个想法很有意思！”或者“我以前从来就没有这样想过或者，提出更多的问题和观点。 Never exhort a child to “Think!” It doesnt make sensechildren are always thinking with
19、out your telling them to. 永远不要强迫孩子去“思考”。这样做没有任何意义即使你不说孩子们也经常会自己进行思考。 Avoid asking “why” question. Most children are accustomed to习惯于 hearing “why” when their behavior is criticized: “Why is your bedroom so messy?” “Why cant you behave” Instead，I use “How come?”避免问“为什么？”这样的问题。在他们的行为表现方面受到批评的时候孩子们大都已经
20、习惯了大人问他们“为什么？。“为什么你的卧室这么乱？”“你就不能规矩点？”相反，我 一般问“这是怎么回事？”5. Real-life impressions of nature are far more memorable than any lesson children can extract from a book or TV program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass , and theyll understand why you want them to wash before di
21、nner. Rather than explaining what mould is，grow some on a piece of bread. Rather than saying water evaporates，set a pan to boil and let them watch the water level drop. 对孩子们来说，从书本和电视节目上学到的课程一点也没有他们对自然的亲身体会那 么记忆深刻。让孩子们用放大镜看一下自己的手指头，他们就会明白为什么你让他们饭前 洗手。不要给他们解释什么是霉菌，让面包上长出一些给他们看就行了。不要告诉他们水 可以蒸发，烧开一锅水让他们
22、观察水位的下降。If you take your children to a “hands-on” science museum，dont manage their itinerary. Let them lead the way，and explore what interests them most. 如果带孩子去一个“自己动手”的科学博物馆,不用设想什么活动方案，让孩子在前面引 路，探索他最感兴趣的内容。6. Everyday activities can provide fascinating lessons in science. Children can learn a great
23、 deal about physics and engineering simply by flying a kite . 每天的日常活动也可以提供令人神往的科学课程。简单地通过$飞风筝孩子们就可以 了解大抢的关于物理和工程方面的知识。 Try making your own with light-weight wood, string and paper. By the end of the afternoons “experiment”，your children will get a basic lesson in scientific cause and effect科学因果关系. T
24、heyll discover how wind direction and intensity shift at different altitudes . 试一试亲自动手,用轻木料、线和纸自己做风筝。当傍晚“试验”结束后，你的孩子们就 会了解一些基本的科学方面的因果关系原理。他们会发现，在不同的离度，风的方向和强度 是有变化的。 When buying toys，blocks of all kinds are great for construction projects 。 Choose toys with working parts . Even better，look for toys
25、 that children can safely take apart and put back together again. 购买玩具时，各式各样的积木是极为适合多种建玫项目的。也可以选择有不同部件的 玩具。最好找一些孩子们可以安全拆装的玩具。By sharing your childrens curiosity，you can give them a valuable lesson that extends far beyond the realm of experiment，in the face of difficulties面对困难时. 通过分享孩子的好奇心，你还能给他们提供超出
26、科学实验领域之外,关于如何面对困难 的有价值的教诲。And they will see clearly that learning is not drudgery or something that happens only in school. Learning is something to be enjoyed every dayfor a lifetime. 他们也会淸楚地看到，学习不是苦差事，也不仅仅是学校里的事悄学习是每天的一种 享受生都是如此。Unit6Engineering工程学Engineering is the profession that puts scientific
27、 knowledge to practical use. Engineers use principles of science to design structures, machines and products of all kinds. They look for better ways to use existing / potential resources and often develop new materials. Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technology th
28、e tools, materials, techniques and power sources that make our lives easier. 工程学是一门将科学知识运用于实践的专业。工程师运用科学原理设计建筑物、机器以及各种各样的产品。他们寻找更好的方法来使用现存的资源，同时也经常开发新材料。工程师在绝大部分现代科技的创新中发挥着直接的作用，例如，为使生活更轻松自如，我们靠他们才有了工具、材料、技术和能源等。 The field of engineering includes a wide variety of activities. For example, engineerin
29、g projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits. Engineers may help produce guided missiles, industrial robots, or artificial limbs for the physically handicapped. They develop complex scientific equipment to explore the reaches of outer space and the de
30、pths of the oceans. Engineers also plan our electric power and water supply systems, and do research to improve automobiles, television sets, and other consumer quality products. They may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the worlds food supply, and make transportation faster and safe
31、r.工程学领域包括有各种不同的活动。比如，工程项目涵盖内容可大到水坝的建设，小到细微的电子线路的设计。工程师可以帮助生产导弹、工业用机器人或为身体有残疾的人生产假肢。他们开发复杂的科学设备来勘探外层空间和海洋深处。工程师还为我们规划电力和供水系统，研究改善汽车、电视机以及其他消费品。他们致力于减少环境污染，增加世界粮食的供应，以及使运输更加快捷和安全。 The history of engineering is the record of human ingenuity through the ages. Even in prehistoric times, people adapted ba
32、sic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature. For example, sturdy sticks became levers to lift large rocks, and logs were used as rollers to move heavy loads. The development of agriculture and the growth of civilization brought about a new wave of engineering efforts. People
33、 invented farming tools, designed elaborate irrigation networks, and built the first cities. The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C. was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times. In ancient Rome, engineers built large aqueducts and bridges and v
34、ast systems of roads. During the 200s B.C., the Chinese erected major sections of the monumental Great Wall of China.工程学的历史即是人类世世代代匠心的独运记录。甚至是在史前时期，人们就利用自然界里可获得的事物作为原始的工程手段。例如，结实的棍子用作撬起巨大岩石的杠杆，原木用作移动重物的滚筒。农业的发展和文明的进步带来了工程学研究的新浪潮。人们发明了农具，设计了精巧的灌溉网络，建造了初期的城市。公元前26世纪，在吉扎建造的巨大的埃及金字塔是古代最伟大的工程建筑奇迹之一。在古罗马，
35、工程师建造了巨大的水渠，桥梁和许许多多的公路系统。在公元前3世纪，中国人建立了雄伟的万里长城的主体部分。 Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle. During the Middle Ages, a period in European history that lasted from the A.D. 400s to the 1500s, inventors developed machines to harness water, wind, and
36、animal power. The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, during which, their role expanded rapidly. The practical steam engine developed by the Scottish engineer James Watt in the 1760s rev
37、olutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap, efficient source of power. New iron-making techniques provided engineers with the material to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships. Many roads, railroads, and canals were constructed to link the growing industrial cit
38、ies.早期的工程师使用了有斜面的刨子、楔子、轮子和车轴这样简单的机械。在中世纪(欧洲历史中，从公元5世纪到16世纪这段时期)，发明家开发了利用水力、风力和动物之力的机械。对新型机械和驱动这些机械的动力源不断增长的兴趣促使他们引发了1 8和19世纪的工业革命。在工业革命时期，工程师的作用得到迅速扩展。由苏格兰的工程帅詹姆斯瓦特在1 8世纪60年代开发的实用蒸汽发动机提供了便宜且有效的动力源，引发了运输和工业的革命。新的炼铁技术为工程师提供了改善机械与工具，以及建造轮船和桥梁所需的材料。人们建造了很多公路、铁道和运河来连接小断发展的工业城市。 Distinct branches of engin
39、eering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution. The term civil engineer was first used about 1750 by John Smeaton, a British engineer. Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels. By the
40、late 1800s, the development of electric power and advances in chemical processing had created the fields of electrical and chemical engineering. Professional schools began to be founded as the demand for engineers steadily increased. 在工业革命期间，工程学的不同分支开始出现。1750年，英国工程师约翰斯密顿，首先使用土木工程师这一词汇。机械工程师是指工业机械方面的
41、专家，而金属和燃料方面的供应则需要有采矿和冶金工程师。到19世纪末期，电力的发展和化学加工的进步创建了电机和化学工程学。由于对工程师的需求不断增加，人们开始建立职业学校。Since 1900, the number of engineers and of engineering specialties has expanded dramatically. Artificial hearts, airplanes, computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plastics, space travel, and television are only a few of
42、 the scientific and technological breakthroughs that engineers have helped bring about in this century. Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly, todays engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete.
43、 They face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future.自从1900年以来，工程师以及工程专业的数目大规模扩大:人工心脏、飞机、计算机、激光、核能、塑料、太空旅行和电视等只是工程师在本世纪所进行的科学技术创新的一小部分、因为科学技术在飞速发展和变化，工程师在从事其事业的过程中必须不断学习以确保们的知识和专门技能不过时。在致力于未来技术发展的同时，他们面临着跟上最新技术的挑战。The field of e
44、ngineers offers a broad range of job opportunities. Engineers may work in factories, offices, and government laboratories or at construction sites. Some engineers are involved in the research and development of new products. Others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structu
45、re, machines or systems into reality. Still others use their background and training to sell and service technical equipment. Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists, technicians, and other engineers, however, some engineers act as independent consultants who sell their serv
46、ices to people who need engineering assistance. Engineers may also hold teaching positions or move up into management positions in business.工程学领域提供厂大觉的工作机会。工程师可以在工厂、办公室、政府实验室，或者施工场地工作。有的工程师可能进行新产品的研发。有的工程师可能负责将新结构、新机械和新系统的设计及说明书付诸于实施.。还有一些其他的工程师运用他们的知识背景和所受的训练来销售技术设备或进行技术设备维护。很多工程师与他人一起做项目，这个集体中包括科学
47、家、技师和其他工程师等;但是也有一些工程师是作为独立的顾问，向那些需要技术支持的人出售他们的服务。工程师还可能任教职，或者从事企业的管理工作。Certain abilities and traits help qualify a person for an engineering career. Engineers must have technical aptitude and skill in mathematics and the sciences. They should be curious about the “how” and “why” of natural and mecha
48、nical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well both orally and in writing, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines. In addition, skill in directing and supervising other workers i
49、s an important part of many engineering jobs.成为工程事业的合格人才应具备一定的能力和特征。工程师必须有数学和科学领域的天资与技能。他们要对自然事物和机械事物的“如何”和为什么”等问题充满好奇心，能够创造性地发现开展工作的新方法。能够有步骤地、逻辑地分析问题，善于口头上和书面土的沟通，能够接受紧缩的预算和较紧的工期。另外，对于很多上工程任务，指挥和监督其他工作人员的技巧也是很重要的。 Unit7上锁的大陆 Years ago in American, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and ha