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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上构词法-派生词派生词多数是由词根（Base）加后缀（Suffixes）构成。构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些：专心-专注-专业后缀例词-erthinkerharvesterpain-killereye-opener-oractorsailor transistorsemi-conductor-istMarxistscientistdentistBuddhist-eeemployeetraineerefereetrustee-esshostessactresswaitresslioness-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysician-es
2、eChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese-antinhabitantcontestantlubricantdependant-ismsocialismracismheroismoptimism-nessillnesshappinessgreatnesscoldness-(a)tiondictationpreparationexceptionrepetition-mentmovementargumentjudgementgovernment-ionexpansiondiscussionrevisiondecision-ingbuildingfeelingpaintin
3、gwedding-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardship-hoodchildhoodfalsehoodlikelihoodmotherhood-ageshortagemarriageleakageshrinkage-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure-domfreedomkingdommartyrdomofficialdom-tyloyaltycrueltysafetypenalty-ityactivityrealityhumiditypossibility-ymodestydifficultydiscoveryi
4、nquiry-thtruthwarmthhealthlength-alrefusaldenialapprovalarrival-anceacceptanceallowanceassistancereliance-encedependenceconfidencedifferencereference-fulmouthfulhandfulplatefulbusful-ryjewelrybriberyslaveryrivalry-eerengineermountaineerauctioneerprofiteer-ettecigarettekichenetteusherettedinnerette-l
5、etbookletleafletpigletstarlet-atedoctorateconsulateelectoratesulphate构成形容词的后缀常用的有下面形式：后缀例词-fulcheerfulusefulgratefulfaithful-lesscarelesshomelessfearlessmotherless-ishchildishreddishSwedishselfish-iveactivecollectivedecisivedestructive-ouscourageousfamouscontinuouserroneous-ableacceptableagreeableap
6、plicablecomfortable-icrealisticpoetichistoricenergetic-antignorantsignificantdefiantobservant-lyfriendlyleisurelylivelydaily-alcriticalaccidentalcontinualexceptional-yrainyhandythirstydirty-entdifferentdependentconsistentobedient-aryimaginaryrevolutionaryhonorarysecondary-sometroublesomeburdensomelo
7、nesometiresome-likechildlikewomanlikewarlikemanlike-engoldenwoodenearthenwoolen-edlandedmoneyedculturedtalented-atefortunateaffectionatecollegiatepassionate-anEuropeanIndianAmericanCanadian注：有些形容词有-ic和-ial两种词尾，意思不尽相同，例如：a classic performance 难忘的演出 classical music 古典音乐a comic masterpiece 喜剧杰作 comical
8、 behavior 滑稽的举动an economic miracle 经济上的奇迹 economical arragement 节约的安排a historic building 有历史意义的建筑 historical research 史学研究an electric fan 电扇 electrical energy 电能此外，还有构成动词、副词和数词的后缀：后缀 例词 动词-izerealizenormalizemodernizemechanize-enwidenhastenstrengthenlengthen-ifybeautifysimplifyamplifydiversify-atehy
9、phenateactivatemotivateoriginate副词-lyreallyhappilysimplyterribly-wardonwardbackwardeastwardhomeward-wiselikewiseclockwiseotherwiselengthwise数词-teenfourteenfifteen-tyfortyfifty-thninthtwelfth前缀（prefiles) 一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词：前缀 意思 例词 un-不unhappyuntrueuncomfortable做相反动作undressundounp
10、ackdis-不dislikedishonestdisagree做相反动作disowndisinfectdisconnectin-不informalinaccurateinconvenientim-不immoralimpoliteimpossibleir-不 irregularirresistibleirresponsibleil-不illegalillogicalillegitimatenon-不，非non-existentnon-conductornon-interferencede-向相反方向发展defrostdecentralizedemobilize另外还有一些表示其他意思的前缀：前
11、缀 意思 例词 re-重新retellredesignrewritemis-错误地misspellmisinformmisunderstandco-共同co-existco-operateco-editorcounter-反counteractcounter-attackcounter-revolutionaryanti-反（对），防anti-tankanti-fascistanti-clockwisepro-亲pro-Frenchpro-Britishpro-Common Marketover-过于overdoover-esitimateoversimplifyunder-不够underfe
12、edunder-estimateunderpayex-前ex-husbandex-presidentex-servicemanpre-预先，之前的prefabricatepre-liberationpre-schoolpost-在之后的post-warpost-electionpost-graduatefore-预先，前foretellforelegforefrontself-自动，自我self-starterself-serviceself-correctingmal-不良的maltreatmalfunctionmalnutritionsuper-超级，上层supermansupermark
13、etsuperstructuresub-下面的subwaysubdividesubconsciousinter-之间的，互相internationalinteractinter-continentaltele-远距离的telescopetelephonetelevisiontrans-跨越，移transatlantictransplanttrans-Siberianpseudo-伪，假pseudoclassicismpseudoscientificpseudointellectualarch-头号的，大的archbishoparch-enemyarchangelmicro-微型，缩微micro
14、filmmicrobiologymicrocomputermini-特小的minibusminiskirtminicabhyper-超，过分hypertensionhyperactivehypersensitiveultra-外，极ultra-violetultra-leftultra-conservativesemi-半semi-circlesemi-finalsemi-conductorvice-副vice-premiervice-chairmanvice-presidentuni-单unicycleunisexunilateralmono-单monoplanemonologuemonos
15、yllabicbi-双bicyclebimonthlybilingualtri-三tricycletriangletripartitemulti-多multi-racialmulti-nationalmultilateralpoly-多polygamypolysemypolytechnicauto-白automationautonomousautobiographyneo-新neo-Nazineo-classicismneo-colonialism有个别前缀可引起词类的变化。en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enslave endanger enpower enrage enlargebe-也
16、可以和一些词构成动词：belittle bedim befriend behead besmear此外，前缀a-可以：1）和名词构成形容词或副词：asleep aboard aside ashore abase 2）和一动词构成另一动词，意思有少许变化：arise awake arouse abide还有out-可以和不及物动词构成及物动词：outshine outlive outrun outvote outwit也可构成名词如outcome, outlet, outlook, outlaw等。此外，还有一些次要的前缀。如with-( withdraw, withhold), hemi- (
17、hemisphere, hemicycle), sur- (surcharge, surtax), centi- (centimetre, centigrade), milli-(millimetre, milligram)等. 构词法转化词转换构词法（Conversion）就是由一个词类转换为另一词类或几种词类，产生新的词义。如：water（名）水 water（动）浇水（一）、转换为名词1、动词转换为名词 有大量动词可以转换为名词，这些转换的名词一般表示原来的动作或状态，意思没有太大变化，如下面的划线词：Let me have a try. 我来试一试。We stopped there fo
18、r a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。This is for winter wear. Dont make it to tight. 这是冬天穿的，别做的太紧。I like a quiet read after supper. 晚饭后我喜欢静静地看一会儿书。这类名词常可和一动词构成短语，表示一个动作，如：have a look (chat, talk, wash, swim, rest, try, quarrel, smoke, lie, read, dream, run, fight, walk, ride, drink, laugh, dance, bathe, wish, w
19、in, fear, love, shave, debate, interview, taste, etc.)make a study (guess, visit, call, survey, jump, slip, change, search, stay, start, answer, reply, remark, fight, arrest, appeal, purchase, sacrifice, demand, show, deal, an attempt, an attack, an advance, etc.)有时意思有一定的变化：He was about the same bui
20、ld as his brother. 他的体形和他哥哥差不多。Last years catch was four times that of 1986. 去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。This was a decisive move. 这是一个决定性的步骤。They can be used as stock feed. 它们可以用作牲口饲料。Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。He won two games; the other two were draws. 他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。2、形容词转换为名词部分形容词
21、特别是表示颜色的形容词常可转换为名词；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。He didnt want to disturb the quiet needed by patients. 他不愿打扰病人需要的安静环境。Hes a dear. 他是个招人喜
22、欢的孩子。Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940. 他们的失业总人数达到1940年以来的最高峰。There is only one black in my class. 我们班上只有一个黑人学生。When is your French oral? 你什么时候上法语口语课？She is investigating the ancients conception of the universe. 她在研究古人对宇宙的概念。He is a natural for the job. 他是一个天生适合干这工作的人。It is necess
23、ary to make a distinction between right and wrong. 必须分清是非。Theyre running in the final. 他们正在进行（赛跑的）决赛。Our six-year-old is at school. 我们六岁的孩子在上学了（二）、转换为动词1、名词转换为动词。也有相当多名词可以用作动词。 许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作：Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗？Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议？He pinned great hopes on us. 他对我们寄
24、托了很大希望。It can seat a thousand people. 它能坐一千人。We have mapped out plans for their utilization. 我们制定了使用它们的计划。It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students. 它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。By noon he had bagged three hares. 到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。The machine bottles 5000 jars of cold cream a day. 这台机器一天能装五千瓶冷霜。The money was a
25、ll pocked by corrupt officials. 这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。He hammered a nail into the wall. 他在墙上钉了一只钉子。 一些表示身体某部分的名词也可用来作动词：Hand in your exercise-books, please. 请把练习本交上来。Well back you up. 我们将作你们的后盾。Who headed the delegation? 谁任代表团团长？We should shoulder these responsibilities. 我们应当负起这些责任来。She fingered the silk gen
26、tly. 她轻轻地抚摩着这块缎子。Im never interested in nosing out the details of someone elses private life. 我从不喜欢探听别人私生活的细节。They eyed him with suspicion. 他们带着怀疑的目光注视着他。 一些表示某类人的名词也可用作动词：If so, we shall be badly fooled. 如果这样我们就会上大当。He insisted on staying up to nurse the child. 他坚持不睡觉来护理这个小孩。We were hosted by membe
27、rs of the embassy. 我们受到大使馆成员的款待。Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death. 我们的目的是把他的病治好，而不是把他治死。The equipment was manned by three workers per shift. 这个设备每一班由三个工人操作。He has soldiered in France in his youth. 他年轻时在法国当过兵。The army was officed by brave man. 这支军队由勇敢的人担任军官。He fathered man
28、y inventions. 他有过许多发明。 一些表示其他实物的名词也可用作动词：Each apartment can house a family of six. 每套房间可以住一户六口之家。I hope we can room together. 我希望我们能住同一个房间。This helped to bridge over our difficulties. 这帮助我们度过了困难。They flowered well but bore little fruit. 它们花开得很好，但果结的不多。He floored the room. 他给房间装上地板。We decided to dam
29、the river. 我们决定筑一道拦河坝。He is busy oiling the bicycle. 他忙着给自行车上油。He wolfed down three great bowls of rice. 他狼吞虎咽吃了三大碗饭。The pill is coated with sugar. 药丸外面包有糖衣。 一些抽象名词等可用作动词：Where do swallows winter? 燕子在哪里过冬？We summered by Lake Geneva. 我们在日内瓦湖畔度过夏天。For six days and nights they battled to save his life.
30、 他们苦战了六昼夜来抢救他的生命。Through my childhood, I had hungered for education. 我从小就盼望上学。 This so angered us that we beat him up. 这使我们气愤得把他痛打了一顿。The actual labor force numbered 12000. 实际劳动力有一万两千。They breakfasted (lunched) at the guesthouse. 他们在宾馆吃了早饭（午饭）。Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building. 一千多
31、学生冲进了参议院大楼。2.形容词转换为动词 有少部分形容词也可用作动词：The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度慢了一半。This is the chief way of narrowing the difference between them. 这是缩小他们之间差距的主要办法。Please warm up the dish over the stove. 请把菜放在炉子上加热一下。The room gradually quieted down. 屋里慢慢静了下来。Wrongs must be righted when they are di
32、scovered. 发现了错误，一定要改正。Nothing dries sooner than a tear. 什么也没眼泪干的那么快（谚语）。Shelley was unable to calm her. 雪莱没法让她平静下来。The results humbled him. 结果使他失了体面。Dont idle away your time. 不要把时间白白混掉。They braved the better cold to complete the railway. 他们不顾严寒完成了这条铁路。Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocea
33、n. 这些河流大多流入太平洋。She busied herself with household work. 她忙着干家务活。Dont dirty your clothes. 别把你衣服弄脏了。They finally freed themselves from slavery. 他们最后把自己从奴隶制度下解放出来。Only thus can we better the life of the people. 只有这样才能改善人民的生活。He felt himself wronged. 他感到自己受了委屈。His hair is beginning to grey. 他的头发开始变得花白。Th
34、e newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight. 阳光使报纸变黄了。He lowered his voice. 他放低了声音。另外有个别其他词可用作动词：This helped to further their unity. 这帮助促进了他们的团结。（副动）Truth will out. 真相总会大白的。（副动）3000 workers there downed tools. 那儿三千工人罢工了。（副动）Please forward the letter to my new address. 请把信转到我的新地址。（副动）She will off and d
35、o her own things. 她将走掉去干自己的事。（副动）I second the motion. 我同意这项提议。（数动）（三）个别其他转换的情况：This is a repeat performance of their old policy. 这是他们的故技重演。（动形）They held a fancy dress ball. 他们举行了一次化装舞会。（名形）We began to march north. 我们开始向北进军。（名副）有个别词在一定的场合下可用作名词：His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他在说理时“如果”和“
36、但是”用得太多了。This book is a must for students of electronics. 这是学电子学的人的一本必读书。Have you considered the why and how of the plan? 你考虑过制定这样计划的原因和方式吗？Have you had a medical yet? 你检查身体了吗？另外，个别词有时借作动词，来达到一定效果：Dont keep on sirring me now! 现在不要老叫我“先生”了！Whats the use of all this ohing and ahing? 这样“哦”呀“啊”呀有什么用？（四）
37、通过读音转换有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类，但重音发生变化。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后，作名词时重音在前： 动词 名词 accent /ksent/ 重读 /ksnt/ 重音 combine /kmbain/ 合并 /kmbain/ 康拜因 compress /kmpres/ 压紧 /kmpres/ 止血垫布 conduct/kndct/ 指挥，导电/kndct/ 行为conflict/knflikt/ 冲突/knflikt/ 冲突contest/kntest/ 争夺，竞争/kntest/ 比赛contrast/kntrst/ 形成对比/kntrst/ 对比convict/kn
38、vikt/ 定罪/knvikt/ 囚犯digest/diest/ 消化/daiest/ 摘要，文摘discount/diskaunt/ 打折扣/diskaunt/ 折扣escort/iskt/ 护送/eskt/ 护送人export/iksp t/ 输出，出口/eksp t/ 出口extract/ikstrkt/ 提取/ekstrkt/ 提取物ferment/f ment/ 发酵/f ment/ 酵素import/imp:t/ 进口，输入/impt/ 进口misprint/misprint/ 印错/misprint/ 印错处increase/inkri:s/ 增加/inkris/ 增加insul
39、t/inslt/ 侮辱/inslt/ 侮辱perfume/p fju:m/ 撒香水，使香/p fju:m/ 香水，香permit/p mit/ 准许，允许/p mit/ 许可证present/prizent/ 赠送，上演/preznt/ 礼物produce/prdju:s/ 生产/prdju:s/ 农产品progress/prgres/ 前进，进展/prugres/ 进步，进展protest/prtest/ 抗议/prutest/ 抗议rebel/ribel/ 造反，反抗/rebl/ 造反者，起义者record/rikd/ 记录，录音/rekd/ 记录，唱片refill/ri:fil/ 加（油
40、）/ri:fil/ 笔心refuse/rifju:z/ 拒绝/refju:s/ 垃圾reject/riekt/ 拒不接受/ri:ekt/ 废品survey/svei/ 勘察，考察/s vei/ 勘察，考察suspect/sspekt/ 怀疑，疑心/sspekt/ 嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人torment/tment/ 使痛苦，折磨/tment/ 痛苦，苦恼transfer/trnsf / 转学，调往/trnsf / 转送，过户transport/trspt/ 运输，运送/trspt/ 运输（舰）另外也有个别词，作形容词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后： absent/bsnt/ 缺席的/ bsent/ 缺
41、席abstract/bstrkt/ 抽象的/bstrkt/ 提取（金属）perfect/pfikt/ 完美的/pfekt/ 使完善合成构词法表解由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成词。合成词在英语中是比较活跃的。一、合成形容词1、构成。构成方式例词形容词+名词+ednoble-minded 高尚的good-tempered 脾气好的形容词+现在分词good-looking 好看的fine-sounding 动听的副词+现在分词hard-working 勤劳的far-reaching 深远的名词+现在分词peace-loving 热爱和平的epoch-making 划时代的名词+过去分词state
42、-owned 国营的heartfelt 由衷的副词+过去分词well-known 著名的widespread 广泛流传的形容词+名词large-scale 大规模的high-class 高级的名词+形容词duty-free 免税的airsick 晕飞机的另外还有一些其他方式构成的合成形容词，如：over-all( plan) 总的（计划） ever-victorious 常胜的all-round 全面的 per-mu (yield) 每亩（产量）ready-made 现成的 everyday 日常的first-rate 第一流的 face-to-face 面对面的happy-go-lucky
43、无忧无虑的 out-and-out 彻头彻尾的2、句法作用句法作用例 句（多数用作）定语This is a track-laying machine. 这是一台铺轨机。Thats the quick-service counter. 这是快餐部。What they need is a down-to-earth spirit. 他们需要的是求实精神。（有些也可用作）表语Are you airsick? 你晕飞机吗？Now all the fishing boats are radio-equipped. 现在所有的渔船都装了无线电。He is lively and outgoing. 他活泼开朗。二、合成名词1、构成构成方式例词名词+名词silk