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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上99年改错Part Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong
2、 word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with
3、 a slash “/ and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example Whenart museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit The hunter-
4、gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1._human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2._with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-thir
5、d concentrate on fishingand only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherers calories come from plants. Detailed 3._studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting
6、. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4._edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5._ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6._diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contempor
7、aryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7._They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8._adult), if no one is sugge
8、sting what we return to an aboriginal life 9._style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10._healthier diet.2000改错 The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1._ from the lexical words. A rough and r
9、eady difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2._ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3._But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4._ Although a word like the
10、is not the name of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5._ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6._Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves
11、as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7._ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8._distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9._
12、from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10._when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.2001改错 During the early years of this
13、 century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1._ they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2._ favorite topic of conversation. War set the stage for the most dra
14、matic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3._ not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their w
15、heat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts 4._ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5._ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6._ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7._ least not until wartime when wheat prices threa
16、tened to run wild. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8._ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop
17、 of 1919, the governmentappointed 9._ the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10._ buy, sell, and set prices. 2002改错 There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation
18、 is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1_ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech 2._ sounds like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock 3._when we firstly hear a recording o
19、f ourselves. It is not a voice we 4._recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the natural learning 5._of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6._practicing
20、the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our 7._difficult English spelling. This is “natural”, therefore, that our 8._speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means o
21、f holding a community 9._and giving a sense of belonging. We learn quite early to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 10._2003改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to e
22、stablish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)_ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young (2)_ adults established a trend of early marriage and rela
23、tively large families that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)_ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)_ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)_ Less noted but equally m
24、ore significant, the men and women on who (6)_ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)_ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)_ as later decades. Since the United St
25、ates maintained its dubious (9)_ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)_Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2004改错 One of the most important n
26、on-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)_purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)_Investigations are held to gather inform
27、ation on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)_groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside
28、 experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)_and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)_There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)_committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)_wid
29、ely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)_to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)_Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite
30、 for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)_ 2005改错The University as Business A number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They sa
31、y the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 outlook of universities in the United Sta
32、tes is indistinguishable from those of 3 business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4 increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 graduate and professional-school tuiti
33、on); the poor ones job prospects, 6 the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a gove
34、rnance role, and eliminate required courses. 8 Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in ord
35、er to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not
36、to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 customer.2006改错 We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store o
37、f words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2_message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of s
38、tyles, to the other English 5_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6_But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more, th
39、an a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_member of his linguistic community; he bas to give tile system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted rice two most 8_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds
40、 produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9_ _among most striking of human achievements. 10_2007改错 From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today
41、 and in the earliest 1 records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2 emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3 _originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4 necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient record
42、s, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries 5 than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6 other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises i
43、n return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7 such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9 whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are 10_wholly conventional