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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Unit 1 Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches-the detailed pre
2、paration outline and the brief speaking outline. In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It shou
3、ld contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible. 发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，
4、通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。 当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行
5、你的演讲。 Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Dont always read
6、 the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly. Unit2 Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of hu
7、man history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However,with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth
8、 in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and internalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome because ene
9、rgy use poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict. 能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来
10、越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。 以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%，而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%，甚至更多。 It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these f
11、actors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones. For example, construction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering, management and quality control.
12、Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or more. Unit 3 Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour
13、period over the Thanksgiving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the numbei of death in the past two weeks on Springfield city streets. With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been killed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a Chicago family
14、who died the weekend before on interstate 44. On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Juanita Bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue. According to police ,Jon Bauers southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus ,also heading southbound ,
15、driven by Chadd Rohde,27 ,of Mountain Home , Ark, at around 10:30a.m . Jon Bauers vehicle continued south and struck a brick wall and utility pole at Springfield Nationgal Cemetry. The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the vehicle .Juanita Bauer was pronounced dead at the scene.
16、Jon Bauer,who wan unconscious, was transported to St.Johns Regional Medical Center, where he was later pronounced dead.Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash. 在感恩节的周末，24小时内发生了2起车祸，撞死了3个人，使得过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括上周在44号洲际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的
17、一家三口。周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩鲍尔和59岁的詹尼特。鲍尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死。据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年生产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是27岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩。鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了一根公用电线杆。斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔被当场宣布死亡，乔恩。鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶器，观察40名志愿者分别在手持手机通
18、话驾驶、酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢车速。此外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%，二刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。Using a driving simulator, some US researchers studied the driving of 40 people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated while drunk, and others drove wi
19、th no such distractions or impairments. The results showed that there were three accidents in which the drivers were talking on cell phones-all of them involving a rear-ending. The research has found that those talking on the phone while driving are more sluggish. In addition, talking on the cell ph
20、one can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up speed after braking.Unit 4 Perhaps it is our social concept of what is feminine and what is masculine that reinforces the stereotype that women talk more than men, and even causes these different patt
21、erns of communication. Maybe a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture-as well as many other cultures-teaches that women should be quiet if they want to be “feminine.” Perhaps masculine culture encourages boys and men to dominate talk a
22、nd to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt often are not criticized for doing so. These differences in the patterns of communication and styles of communicating are studied by experts who study the effects of gender on communication. They study these effects in order to under
23、stand why misunderstandings occur between men and women in conversation. Often, its because their styles and patterns of conersation are so different. It is important that we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate better with people of the other gender.或许正是我们的男女社会观念
24、加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化还有其他许多文化如此教导女性；她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静，或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并更经常打断谈话，而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行研究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。 Deborah Tannen在她的畅销书你就是不明白中
25、指出：虽然美国男孩和女孩经常在一起玩，但大多数时间他们都是在各自的同性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。Tanen和其他这方面的研究人员发现，男孩（比如8至12岁的男孩）喜欢在室外而不是室内玩耍，而且他们是在有等级结构的大组中玩耍。这帮男孩中通常会有一个孩子头，他告诉别的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号施令和让其他男孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他们的玩伴那里获得更高度更重要的地位。 In her best-selling book You Just Dont Understand,Deborah Tannen points out tha
26、t, although American boys and girls often play together, they spend most of their time playing in same-sex groups. She also points out that boys and girls do play some games together, but their favorite games are very often quite different. Tannen and other researchers on this topic have found that
27、young boys, say ages 8 through 12, tend to play outside the house rather than in the house, and they play in large groups that are hiererchically srtuctured. A group of boys generally has a leader who tells the other boys what to do and how to do it. It is by giving orders and making the other boys
28、play by the rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant status in their play group.Unit 5 In this age of instantaneous communications, it has become harder to hide wrongdoings:corrupt officials and business people are now exposed by private whistleblowers, government leaks, aggrieved competitors
29、, and investigative reporters. Publicity is an important deterrent because corruption can terminate careers. During the past year alone, scandals have brought down the prime minister of the Ukraine, the deputy president of South Africa, the leader of Brazils ruling party, key Kenyan government minis
30、ters, and the majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives. But systematic changes are necessary to ensure that corruption scandals stop repeating themselves like prurient TV show reruns. Leadership changes have occurred or are about to occur in key entities: the World Bank, the OECD, the UN
31、, Transparency International, and the International Chamber of Commerce. The resulting set of new leaders should get together with NGOs and leaders from other key organizations, such as export-credit entities and internationgal law-enforcement agencies, to map out a broad anticorruption strategy and
32、 develop a consensus for near-term and middle-term action. 当前是一个信息即时交流的时代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼下私人密探、走漏政府内部消息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来，由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程，所以曝光是一种重要的威慑力量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是确保腐败丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的变革。 领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以及国际商会的呢过和总店机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其他重要机构（如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等）领导人携手合作，以便制订全面的反腐战略，就近期和中期行动达成共识。专心-专注-专业