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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2013People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider
2、 the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on th
3、at day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions
4、officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a
5、decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but
6、to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.A grantB submitsC transmitsD delivers2.A minorBobjectiveC crucial D external3.A issue B vision C pictureD moment4.A For exampleB On averageC In principleD Above all5.A fond Bfearful C
7、 capable D thoughtless6.A inB on C to D for7.A ifBuntilC thoughD unless8.A promoteBemphasizeC share D test9.A decision B qualityC statusD success 10.A chosenBstupid Cfound D identified 11.A exceptional B defensibleC replaceableD otherwise 12.A inspiredBexpressedC conductedD secured 13.A assignedBrat
8、edC matched D arranged 14.A putBgotCgaveD took 15.AinsteadBthenC everD rather 16.AselectedBpassedC markedD introduced 17.AbeforeB afterC aboveD below 18.A jumpB floatC dropD fluctuate 19.AachieveBundoC maintainDdisregard 20. A promisingB possibleC necessaryD helpful2012 The ethical judgments of the
9、Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Anton
10、in Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of cond
11、uct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would
12、 be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and prop
13、erty. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would
14、make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. Aemphasize 2. Awhen 3. Arestored 4. Achallenged 5. Aadvanced 6. Aresistant 7. Aresorts 8. Aevade 9. Aline 10. Aby 11. Aso 12. Aserve 13. Aconfirm 14. Aguarded 15. Aconcepts 16. Aexcludes 17. Adismissed 18.
15、 Asuppress 19. Aaccessible 20.Abyall means BmaintainBlestBweakened Bcompromised BcaughtBsubjectBsticksBraiseBbarrier BasBsince BsatisfyBexpressBfollowed Btheories Bquestions BreleasedBexploitBamiableBat all costsCmodifyCbeforeCestablishedCsuspectedCboundCimmuneCloadsCdenyCsimilarity CthoughCprovided
16、 CupsetCcultivate CstudiedCdivisions CshapesCranked CaddressCagreeable Cin a wordD recognizeD unlessD eliminatedD acceptedDfoundedDproneDappliesDsettleDconflictDtowardsDthoughDreplaceDofferDtiedDconceptionsDcontrolsDdistortedDignoreDaccountableDas a result2011 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle vie
17、wed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is
18、difficult to _, a good laugh is unlikely to have _ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conc
19、eivably help_the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _feedback,that improve an individuals emotional state. _one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th centur
20、y that humans do not cry _they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volun
21、teers to a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips,which would produce a(n) expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, that expressions may inf
22、luence emotions rather than just the other way around. ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1AamongBexceptCdespiteDlike 2AreflectBdemandCindicateDproduce 3AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining 4AtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserve 5AmeasurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenewable 6AIn tu
23、rnBIn factCIn additionDIn brief 7AoppositeBimpossibleCaverageDexpected 8AhardensBweakensCtightensDrelaxes 9AaggravateBgenerateCmoderateDenhance10AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternal11AExcept forBAccording toCDue toDAs for12AwithBonCinDat13AunlessBuntilCifDbecause14AexhaustsBfollowsCprecedesDsuppre
24、sses15AintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond16AfetchBbiteCpickDhold17AdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferent18AadaptedBcateredCturnedDreacted19AsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningDsupposing20AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyDConversely2010In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a
25、 series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very to
26、being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not what was done in the experiment; something was
27、changed, productivity rose. A(n) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers behavior itself.After several decades, the same data were to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record, no systematic was found that level
28、s of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to interpretation of what happed. , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to ri
29、se for the next couple of days. , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne
30、effect is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atB upC withD off3.A truthB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB for fear thatC in case t
31、hatD so long as8.A awarenessB expectationC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughD abundant10.A aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent withC parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.A disputableB enlightenin
32、gC reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequenceD As usual16.A dulyB accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly18.A ThereforeB FurthermoreC HoweverD Meanwhile19.A attemptedB tendedC choseD intended20.A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hitting2009Research on animal intelligence alway
33、s makes me wonder just how smart humans are. the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times . Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. This suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically brig
34、ht.Intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to .Is there an adapt
35、ive value to intelligence? Thats the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. This is the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on anim
36、al intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memor
37、y for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really , not merely how much of it there is. , they would hope to study a question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? the results are inconclusive.1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happ
38、enedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.A tendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offB behindC overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtC stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.
39、A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB influencesC resultsD costs12.A outsideB onC byD across13.A deliverB carryC performD apply14.A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomeC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.A Above allB
40、After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fundamentalB comprehensiveC equivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better still2008The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway
41、. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about t
42、o do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural select
43、ion.This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The latter was seen