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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上外研版教材初三年级上册知识汇总各单元语法点列表:Module 1一般现在时的被动语态Module 2一般过去时的被动语态;一般将来时的被动语态Module 3现在完成时;情态动词的被动语态Module 4Which, who引导的定语从句Module 5构词法Module 6构词法Module 7that引导的定语从句Module 8Which, who, that引导的定语从句Module 9whose引导的定语从句Module 10冠词;数字表达法Module 11主谓一致语法点拨: 被动语态:概念:英语根据其谓语动词与主语的关系分为两种语态即主动语态(The A
2、ctive Voice)和被动语态(the Passive Voice).主动语态表示主语是动作执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。结构:一般现在时的被动语态:am/are /is +动词的过去分词一般过去时的被动语态:was/were +动词的过去分词 一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+动词的过去分词现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been+动词的过去分词情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+动词的过去分词主动变被动:主动句与被动句之间的转换:1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语。2、把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词
3、的时态则保持不变。3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。4、其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。 We bought some books. 主语 谓语动词主动语态的过去式 宾语 Some books were bought ( by us ) 主语 谓语动词被动语态的过去分词 介词+ 宾语被动语态的几种句型1、肯定句 主语 + be + 过去分词 + (by)A sweet song was sung by her on the stage.2、否定句 主语 + be + not +过去分词 + (by)A sweet song wasnt s
4、ung by her on the stage.3、一般疑问句 Be + 主语 +过去分词 + (by)Was a sweet song sung by her on the stage?4 特殊疑问句 疑问词 + be + 主语 +过去分词 + (by)Where was a sweet song sung by her?被动语态的几种类型1、由及物动词构成的被动语态 有一个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句 主语(S)+ 谓语(V) + 宾语 (O)被动句 主语(原O)+ be + 过去分词 + by +宾语 (原S之宾格形式)He copied others homework. (主动句)Oth
5、ers homework was copied by him.(被动句) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句 主语(S) +谓语 V)+ 间接宾语(IO)+ 直接宾语(DO)被动句1 主语(原IO) + be +过去分词 +原DO +by+原主语之宾格被动句2 主语(原DO) + be +过去分词 +to/for +原IO +by +原主语之宾格The teacher showed me a picture. (主动句 )I was showed a picture by the teacher. (被动句1)A picture was shown to me by the teacher. (
6、被动句2)有两种被动语态的一些动词buy 买 give 给 pay支付 teach 教授 tell 告诉 show 展示 lend 借出通常用直接宾语作被动语态的主语一些动词:bring拿来 do做 make 制作 pass传递 sell 卖 send 送、寄 sing 唱 write写A letter was written to her (by her son). 含有宾语补足语的被动语态主动句 主语(S) +谓语动词(V) +宾语(O)+ 宾语补足语(C)被动句 主语(原O) + be +过去分词 +宾语补足语(C)+by + 原主语之宾格They make the city more
7、beautiful. (主动句 )The city was made more beautiful by them. (被动句) 注意:在主动句中see ,watch ,hear,make等后+宾语+动词原形的结构变为被动句时一律在see ,watch ,hear,make等后加上to。2、由 不及物动词+介词或副词构成的被动语态主动句 主语 +不及物动词 +介词 +宾语 被动句 主语(原宾语) +be +介词 + by +原主语之宾格She looks after her grandmother. (主动句 )Her grandmother is looked after by her.(被
8、动句 ) 定语从句概念:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。1、who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.(2) Yes
9、terday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人.2、whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别,基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。)(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. 注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常
10、用who代替,可省略。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.3、which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.4、that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾
11、语,做宾语时可省略。The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(
12、4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.参考例文: I like English and I am good at reading. When I read a text for the first time I often read it through to find the main idea. Its really good for improving my understanding.But I also have some problems in learning English. Whe
13、n I listen to English I always listen to every word. As a result, I always miss a lot of what Im listening. So Im going to try another good method that my teacher has told me. That is to focus on some key words while listening and try to remember as many of them as possible. Ihope it will be very he
14、lpful.语法点拨: 现在完成时用法解析1.构成现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。2.用法(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你(已经)吃午饭了吗? 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在
15、进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如:He has taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)I havent seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。i(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语过,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。3.现在完成时的时间状语(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,las
16、t Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示曾经或从未等。 如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过
17、长城吗?-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。例如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了。d.用包括现在在内的时间状语,如:now, today, this morning(month, year,
18、 term)等。例如:-Have you met him today?-No, I havent.今天你见过他吗?我 没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次?(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示一段时间的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I havent seen him for two years. 但是,像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。要用,必须改为be(在)等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:a
19、rrive be here begin(start)be ondie be dead come back be backleave be away fall ill(sick, asleep)be ill(sick, asleep)get up be up go out be outfinish be over put on wear 或be onopen be open join be in或 be a member ofclose be closed go to school be a studentborrow keep buy havecatch (a cold) have(a col
20、d) get to know knowbegin to study study come to work work等如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时
21、强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较:I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)5.几点注意事项(1)have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:have been(to)表示去过某地(现在已经回来了),可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示去某地了(说话时某人不在当地),常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never, severa
22、l times等连用,后者则不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。(2)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:I havent left here since 199
23、7.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。 一般将来时用法解析初中英语中表示一般将来时的语法形式有四种:shall/will 动词原形;be going to 动词原形;现在进行时和一般现在时。现将这四种形式分述如下:一、shall/will 动词原形1. will 可用于所有人称,但 shall 仅表示单纯将来时,用于第一人称 I 和 we,作为 will 的一种替代形式。以 You and I 为主语时通常避免用 shall. 例如:He will be back soon. 他很快就会回来。I shall/will be free on Sunday. 星期天我有空。You and
24、I will work in the same factory. 你和我将在同一工厂工作。2. will,shall 可用来预言将来发生的事。如说出我们设想会发生的事,或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。例如:It will rain tomorrow. 明天将要下雨。3. will,shall 除可表示单纯的将来时以外,还可以带有意愿的色彩,仍指的是将来。例如:Ill buy you a bicycle for your birthday. 你过生日时,我给你买一辆自行车。(表示允诺)Will you open the door for me please?请你帮我开门好吗?(表示请求)Shall
25、 I get your coat for you? 我可以为你拿外套吗?(表示提议)二、be going to 动词原形1. 表示说话人根据现在已有的迹象,判断将要或即将发生某种情况。这类句子的主语可以是人,也可是物。例如:There is going to be a football match in our school tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们学校将有一场足球赛。(已有告示)I feel terrible. I think Im going to die. 我感到难受极了,我想我快不行了。Look at those black clouds!Its going
26、 to rain. 看看那些乌云!天快要下雨了。2. 表示主语现在的意图或现已作出的决定,即打算在最近或将来进行某事。这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的。例如:He isnt going to see his elder brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。Mary is going to be a teacher when she grows up. 玛丽决定长大了当一名教师。3. 只是单纯地预测未来的事,此时可与 will 互换。例如:I think it is going to/will rain this evening. 我认为今晚要下雨。注意:(1)be g
27、oing to 和 will 在含义和用法上略有不同。be going to 往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will 多表示意愿、决心。两者有时不能互换。例如:He is studying hard and is going to try for the exams. 他正努力学习,准备参加考试。(不能用 will 替换)-Can somebody help me? -谁能帮我一下吗?-I will. -我来。(不能用 be going to 替换)(2)在 if 之后,通常不用 will 表示预言,但可以用 be going to 表示意图。例如:If you are going to go
28、to the cinema this evening,youd better take your coat with you. 你若今晚去看电影,最好带着外套。be going to 也常可以用于主句之中。例如:If you invite Jack,theres going to be trouble. 如果你邀请杰克,那就要惹麻烦了。如果表示将来的意愿,will 可用于条件从句。此时 will 为情态动词。例如:If you will learn to play football,Ill help you. 如果你想学踢足球,我可以帮你。三、现在进行时表示位置转移的动词(如 go,come,
29、leave,start,arrive,return,send,move,travel,fly 等)和其它几个动作动词(如 do,begin,work,spend,play,stay,happen,have,finish,join,eat,die,meet 等)常与现在进行时和表示将来的时间状语连用,表示在最近将要发生某事。这些事是事先安排好的。例如:The Browns are coming to dinner tomorrow. 明天布朗夫妇要来吃晚饭。What are you doing tomorrow? 明天你做什么?The train is arriving at nine oclo
30、ck. 火车将在九点钟到。在特定的上下文中,这类动词有时也可不带时间状语。例如:-Come to school in your old clothes tomorrow.-Why?Whats happening?-明天穿你的旧衣服来上学。-为什么?有什么事?四、一般现在时1. 动词 be;表示位置转移的动词(如 go,come,arrive,leave,return 等)和表示开始,结束的动词(如 start,begin,open,finish,end,close 等)与一般现在时和表示将来的时间状语连用,表示时间表、节目单或日程表上所安排好的动作或事态将要发生,日程不易改变,口气肯定。例如:
31、School finishes on January 18th. 学期一月十八日结束。Are you free next Tuesday evening? 下周二晚上你有空吗?The party starts at four thirty,doesnt it? 晚会四点半开始,是吗?Mr. Green leaves Beijing for home tomorrow. 格林先生定于明天离京返家。2. 在由 when,before,as soon as,until/till 引导的时间状语从句和由 if 引导的条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来。例如:If it doesnt rain tomorrow,well go to the East Lake. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去东湖。I must finish my homework before my mother returns. 我必须在妈妈回来之前做完家庭作业。3. 在 hope 后接表示将来时间的宾语从句中,也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时,hope 的主语往往是第一人称。例如:I hope you(will)have a good holiday. 我希望你假日愉快。I hope he comes(will come). 我希望他会来。专心-专注-专业