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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上The Basics of Solar Power for Producing ElectricityUsing solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce heat. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. A solar panel is made o
2、f the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically when subjected to sun light.Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-south directions) at an angle dictat
3、ed by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system. Man
4、y solar arrays are placed at an angle equal to the site latitude with no bias for seasonal periods.The intensity of the Suns radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the year and weather conditions. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation
5、energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight perm, or Peak Sun Hours. This term, Peak Sun Hours, represents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year.It is presumed that at peak sun, 1000 W/m of power reaches the surface of the earth. One hour of full sun provides 1000 Wh perm
6、 = 1 kWh/m - representing the solar energy received in one hour on a cloudless summer day on a one-square meter surface directed towards the sun. To put this in some other perspective, the United States Department of Energy indicates the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of the earth ever
7、y +/- hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the entire human population requires in a year. Another perspective is that roughly 100 square miles of solar panels placed in the southwestern U.S. could power the country.The daily average of Peak Sun Hours, based on either full year stati
8、stics, or average worst month of the year statistics, for example, is used for calculation purposes in the design of the system. To see the average Peak Sun Hours for your area in the United States, Choose the area closest to your location for a good indication of your average Peak Sun Hours.For a v
9、iew of global solar isolation values (peak sun-hours) use this link: , then, you can use back or previous on your browser to return right here if you want to.So it can be concluded that the power of a system varies, depending on the intended geographical location. Folks in the northeastern U.S. will
10、 need more solar panels in their system to produce the same overall power as those living in Arizona. We can advise you on this if you have any doubts about your area.The four primary components for producing electricity using solar power, which provides common 120 volt AC power for daily use are: S
11、olar panels, charge controller, battery and inverter. Solar panels charge the battery, and the charge regulator insures proper charging of the battery. The battery provides DC voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC voltage to normal AC voltage. If 240 volts AC is needed, then eith
12、er a transformer is added or two identical inverters are series-stacked to produce the 240 volts.The output of a solar panel is usually stated in watts, and the wattage is determined by multiplying the rated voltage by the rated amperage. The formula for wattage is VOLTS times AMPS equals WATTS. So
13、for example, a 12 volt 60 watt solar panel measuring about 20 44 inches has a rated voltage of 17.1 and a rated 3.5 amperage.V A = W 17.1 volts times 3.5 amps equals 60 wattsIf an average of 6 hours of peak sun per day is available in an area, then the above solar panel can produce an average 360 wa
14、tt hours of power per day; 60w times 6 hrs= 360 watt-hours. Since the intensity of sunlight contacting the solar panel varies throughout the day, we use the term peak sun hours as a method to smooth out the variations into a daily average. Early morning and late-in-the-day sunlight produces less pow
15、er than the mid-day sun. Naturally, cloudy days will produce less power than bright sunny days as well. When planning a system your geographical area is rated in average peak sun hours per day based on yearly sun data. Average peak sun hours for various geographical areas is listed in the above sect
16、ion.Solar panels can be wired in series or in parallel to increase voltage or amperage respectively, and they can be wired both in series and in parallel to increase both volts and amps. Series wiring refers to connecting the positive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of another. The re
17、sulting outer positive and negative terminals will produce voltage the sum of the two panels, but the amperage stays the same as one panel. So two 12 volt/3.5 amp panels wired in series produces 24 volts at 3.5 amps. Four of these wired in series would produce 48 volts at 3.5 amps. Parallel wiring r
18、efers to connecting positive terminals to positive terminals and negative to negative. The result is that voltage stays the same, but amperage becomes the sum of the number of panels. So two 12 volt/3.5 amp panels wired in parallel would produce 12 volts at 7 amps. Four panels would produce 12 volts
19、 at 14 amps.A charge controller monitors the batterys state-of-charge to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insures the battery isnt over-charged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator seriously risks damaging the battery and potentially causin
20、g a safety concern.Charge controllers (or often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar array. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output current to this one controller. The most advan
21、ced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the battery. Even more advanced controllers also include Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which maximizes the amount of curre
22、nt going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panels output voltage, which increases the charging amps to the battery - because if a panel can produce 60 watts with 17.2 volts and 3.5 amps, then if the voltage is lowered to say 14 volts then the amperage increases to 4.28 (14v 4.28
23、amps = 60 watts) resulting in a 19% increase in charging amps for this example.Many charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) as an optional feature. The LVD feature permits connecting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensi
24、tive. If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing potential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below about 75F degrees.The Dee
25、p Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times. These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the battery over the
26、 period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply 17.5 continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a 6 volt 360ah battery; 360ah times the nominal 6 volts equals 2160 watts or 2.16kWh (kilowatt-hours). Like s
27、olar panels, batteries are wired in series and/or parallel to increase voltage to the desired level and increase amp hours.The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period no sun or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid battery should
28、be sized at least 20% larger than this amount. If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst case weather conditions.The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity requi
29、red, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. During planning, all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.One of the biggest mistakes made by those just star
30、ting out does not understand the relationship between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the effects on their DC low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal system and an inverter powering a load of 3 amps, 120VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per
31、day. You would have a 12 amp hour load (3A 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine the true drain on your batteries you have to divide your nominal battery voltage (24v) into the voltage of the load (120v), which is 5, and then multiply this times your 120vac amp hours (5 12 ah). So in this cas
32、e the calculation would be 60 amp hours drained from your batteries - not the 12 ah. Another simple way is to take the total watt-hours of your 120VAC device and divide by nominal system voltage. Usingthe above example; 3 amps 120 volts 4 hours = 1440 watt-hours divided by 24 DC volts = 60 amp hours
33、.Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batterie
34、s. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM and Gel-cell deep-cycle batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free and they last a lot longer.太阳能发电的基础太阳能发电板由天然成分的硅制成，受太阳光控制的电池板。太阳能电池板是针对南方太阳北半球与的北方太阳南半球（这是稍有不同，罗盘的
35、南北方向）的角度由地理位置和纬度位置来安装的。通常，太阳能电池列阵的角度被设置在站点纬度加15度及实地纬度减15度，取决于冬季或夏季稍有的偏差。许多太阳能电池阵列处于一个没有偏见的季节性周期的角度相等的站点。电荷被控制在光伏电池板内，对外输出一个低压（直流电）通常是6-24V，最常见的输出是12V，有效输出高达17V。12V只是一个名义上的参考电压，但是工作电压是17V或者更高的电压。就像您的汽车交流发电机充电为12V，可以超过12V。所以是有差别的参考电压和实际操作电压。太阳的辐射强度变化是以每天的天气变化和时间的改变来变化的。在计划系统内计算太阳总的辐射量，是以太阳光充足时每平方米的辐射量
36、计算的。这个界限代表一年四季的平均辐射量。据推测，在“太阳峰值”时，热量以1000W/m，到达地球的表面。热量以每平方米1000千瓦时=1/米收到的太阳能代表一个小时晴朗夏日一平米太阳辐射到地表面。一方面，美国能源部表示，每小时太阳到达地球的辐射量大于整个人类一年的能量总额。另一方面，美国西南部地区能放置大约100平方英里的太阳能板。每日平均高峰太阳小时，或是基于全年统计最坏的一年或是平均每月统计数字，例如，用于计算系统的设计。要看到平均高峰小时的平均面积在美国，美国太阳日光浴选择区域最接近你的位置为您的平均高峰太阳小时的一个好征兆。因此可以断定，系统的力量变化，取决于预定的地理位置。在美国东
37、北部需要更多的太阳能电池板。如果你在这方面有任何怀疑的话，我们可以告诉你。四个主要部件使用太阳能发电，其中规定普通日用120伏特交流电源：太阳能电池板、充电控制器、蓄电池和逆变电源。太阳能电池板负责保险监管的机构，负责对电池的安全充电。电池提供直流电压给逆变器，逆变器的直流电压转换为正常的交流电压。如果需要240伏交流，然后加上一个变压器或两个相同的变频器产生240伏特。太阳能发电板的输出通常是瓦特，瓦数是由额定电压乘额定电流得到。公式为瓦数是伏特乘安培等于瓦特。例如12伏特60瓦特太阳能电池板面积约为2044厘米，有17.1V的额定电压和3.5A的额定电流。VA =W17.1伏特乘3.5安培
38、均等60瓦特如果平均每天有6个小时高峰太阳是在可利用的区域，那么上述太阳能发电板可能平均每天产生360瓦特小时的电力，60w计时6小时的424倍=360个瓦特小时。由于接触阳光的太阳能发电板，每天强度不一样，我们用“太阳峰时间”考虑平均时间。凌晨和午后的阳光辐射量比午间太阳辐射量小。自然地，多云天的太阳辐射量也比明亮的晴天的太阳辐射量小。当您的规划系统区域内的太阳辐射量明确后，平均高峰太阳小时也就列出了。太阳能板可以串联或并联以增加电压电流。布线终端连接从一个小组到另一端的负极。由此正负电压的终端将产生两个的总和，但作为一个小组的电流不变。并行连接电线指正面和负面终端负转正。结果是电压不变，但
39、电流得到一个总和。充电控制器监测电池的充电状态，确保当电池需要充电时充电，并且确保电池不至于过放电。连接太阳能到一个电池需要充电控制器保证电池不受损害。太阳列阵的充电控制器是额定的根据相当数量安培量来决定的。如果控制器的额定安培是20A的话就意味着您能连接20A的太阳能输出的电流。最先进的充电控制器是脉宽调制模块（PWM）保险最有效的充电和延长电池寿命。更先进的最大功率点跟踪控制器还包括(MPPT)最大化当前进入的太阳能电池阵列小组的输出电压，增加对电池的充电安培。因为17.2伏特乘3.5安培等于60瓦特，那么电压下降为14伏特时安培量增加到4.28(14v4.28安培=60瓦特)这就造成了充
40、电仅有言论安培的19%增量。许多充电控制器也提供低压断开(LVD)简介及电池温度报偿(BTC)作为一种任选功能。LVD特点允许连接装载到电压敏感的LVD终端。如果电池电压下降太大是分离的，预防潜在的对于电池和装载的损坏。BTC调整充电率根据电池的温度因为电池对温度变异的敏感是在大约75度上下。深度循环使用的电池在设计上释放，然后上百或数以万计的充电。这些电池的充电通常在20个小时和100个小时。简而言之，可以提供数小时的电流。例如，350AH的电池能供应17.5A的电流20小时或35A的电流十个小时。总瓦特可利用6V360AH的电池，即用6乘以360等于2160瓦特或2.16KWH。像太阳能电
41、池板，电池架线平行增加电压至应有的水平，并增加电流的值。在预期的时间内，无论是“没有太阳”或者是“多云”的情况，电池应该有足够的安培用以提供所需的电力容量。一个乙铅酸电池的规模至少应大于这一数额的20%。如果有一个备用电源的话，譬如一台备用发电机与蓄电池充电器在一起，那么就不用考虑最坏的天气的打算。蓄电池的大小必须取决于存储容量的要求，最大放电率，最大充电率和电池使用时的最小温度。在规划过程中，这些因素都要考虑，并且根据那个要求最大的容量决定电池的大小。其中最大的错误是在刚开始的时候不理解电流和电压的关系，120伏特交流电要求相对较低的直流电压电池。例如，您有一个24伏特的有名无实的系统和一台
42、变换器供给3A的动力装载，120V的交流电每天能使用四个小时。您会有12个小时的装载（3A4hrs=12）。但是为了确定真实的电流您必须为您的电池电压划分您的电池（24V）所能装载的电压（120V）。假如是5天，就是120Vac（512）。那么演算这种情况，60安培小时会慢慢流失掉，而不是12了。另一个简单的方法是把总瓦特时把您的120Vac设备划分有名无实的系统电压。例如，3安培120伏特4个小时=1440个瓦特时划分了由24DC伏特=60安培小时。铅酸蓄电池，是最常见的储电系统，初始成本较低，因为在世界各地随处可见。有许多设计容量大小不同的铅酸蓄电池，但最重要的是，它们是电池深度循环。铅酸蓄电池是可利用湿电池(需要维修)及密封无维护版本。AGM、凝胶电池深循环电池也深受欢迎，因为它们都是免费维修自由且能长期持续的。专心-专注-专业